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*"*” Mallace^ C. I

Title

This book should be returned on or before the date
last marked below.

LORD LAKE AT FATEHGARH.

ROM THE PICTURE BY HOME IN THE VICTORIA MEMORIAL, CALCUTTA.
BY PERMISSION OF THE TRUSTEES.

FATEHGARH CAMP

1777-1857

C. L. WALLACE, M.C., I.C-S.,

Magistrate and Collector, Farrukhabad.

LUCKNOW :

Pkintkd by K. D. Skth, at thk. Nrwiti. Kishokr Pkfss.

1934 .

CONTENTS.

The Picture of Lord Lake

Page.

... i

Chapter

The Temporary Brigade

II.

The Sudder Station

•>

III.

The Fort

... 67

IV.

Husainpur and Circular Road

Tombs and Monuments

... ;)6

VI.

Kasim Bagh, the Old Jail, and Barhpur

... 122

}»

VI!.

Cantonments

... 165

j»

VIII.

The Customs House

... 170

IX.

The Old Church

... 178

>»

The Civil Lines

... 187

XI.

District Courts and Administratioii

... 1!)8

XII.

Rakha and the Cavalry Lines

... 216

Appendix

: I.

Regiments stationed at Fatehgarh ...

... 225

11.

Regiments raised at Fatehgarh

... 229

III.

Residents and Judges ...

... 2,60

IV.

Magistrates and Collectors

... 266

List of Books consulted and Communications ‘^36
received.

Maps. (Hy Captain V. C. A. Mnnekton),

1. Cantonments in 1835. is>38

Jii. Civil Lines and Rakha in 1835. ;243

The Picture of Lord Lake.

The painting of Lord Lake and his Staff at Fatehgarh in November
1804, executed by the artist Robert Home during his residence at
Calcutta (1795-1814), stands at the far end of the Portrait Gallery in
the Victoria Memorial at Calcutta. This picture, reckoned to be one of
the finest in Calcutta, was for a long period of time relegated to the
obscurity of the staircase in the Town Hall. Nothing was visible but the
dim figure of Lord Lake, sitting on a horse of brown colour. In 1901 a
restoration was carried out by Mr. Alexander Scott, which revealed the
brown horse to be a grey charger, and showed Lord Lake’s son and
A.O.C. on a black horse on his right. In the background the details of
a military review made their appearance. The following inscription is
on the picture : “ Gerard, Viscount Lake, Baron of Delhi and Laswaree,
Commander-in-Chief in India 1800-1807. Born 1744. Died 1809.”

Robert Home, the artist, was a native of London. He liad exhibited
at the Royal Academy before arriving at Madras, probably in 1790.
From Madras he moved up to Calcutta, and from that place found his
way to Lucknow. He was appointed as Court Painter by Nawab Asaf-
ud-Daula. In 1795, however, he was back again in Calcutta, but a
second time securing the post of Court Painter to the King of Oudh, he
returned to Lucknow, and is mentioned as having painted the portrait
of Bishop Hcber there in 18J24. He then apparently settled at Cawnpore.

CHAPTER I.

THE TEMPORARY BRIGADE.

JT^HE territory covered by the FaiTukhabad District frequently changed
X rulers during the eighteenth century, for it was almost exactly
divided between two rival Governments. The portion to the north of
the Kali Nadi paid tribute to the Nawab of Rohilkhand, while the
administration of the country to the south of that river lay in the hands
of the Nawab Viziei of Oudh, or the Nabob Vizier ”, as he was
popularly called by Englishmen of the time. With the help of forces
sent by Warren Hastings the Nawab Vizier was able to defeat the
Rohillas in 1774, and acquire the suzerainty of the whole district. The
local potentate was the Bangash Nawab of Farrukhabad, whose allegiance
had now to l^e given to Lucknow together with an annual payment
of four and a half lakhs of rupees. The Nawab Vizier himself was
within a year involved in difficulties, which forced him to enter into
the Treaty of Fyzabad with the East India Company in 1775, and he
agreed to a regular brigade of the Company’s troops being stationed in
Oudh for his protection. The Cantonment of Cawnpore, or “ Cawnpore
Camp ”, thus came into existence. He later applied for a force to l>e
officered by British officers, which would be incorporated with the
Company’s troops, and paid from his revenues. He had already in his
service a large body of troops commanded by British officm’s ; and this
fact must not be forgotten, since many of the battalions of infantry, which
were officially posted to the new camp of Fatehgarh after August 1777,
were already in the vicinity of Farrukhabad, or living in the Cantonments
at Mainpuri and Faizpur Camp (Brd Brigade) near Bilgram in the Hardoi
District. Scattered detachments, too, were on duty in Rohilkhand and
all over the Mainpuri and Etawah Districts, Lt.* Colonel Thomas Goddard
being in command.

The proceedings of the Governor-General’s Council dated the 4th
August 1777 were contained in a resolution that the troops “now in the

Nabob of Ouclh’s service and commanded by British officers should be
transferred to the Company and annexed to the three existing brigades ”,
It was ordered that the Vizier’s troops in and around Farrukhabad should
be united and modelled ifito a new brigade. Colonel Goddard in
compliance with these orders formed the new, or temporary brigade, and
was its first commander up to October 1T7T. The resolution also contained
some instructions in detail. Each of the three regular brigades was
required to send three battalions of infantry and one company of artillery
to hiiii, each battalion to be commanded by a captain and two subalterns.
Each company of artillery was to have a captain-lieutenant and a
lieutenant-fireworker. In addition, there were to be four regiments of
cavalry with a captain, two lieutenants and 480 troopers in each. One
regiment was not to be raised for the time being. The brigade was to be
called the Temporary Brigade It was to continue for two years,
and be relieved by similar detachments from the other three brigades.
Troopers were to be mounted on their own horses. Returns were to be
made as in the Company’s army. Stores would be sent from the Patna
and Chunar magazines at the Nawab’s expense. Troops were to be clothed
from the Company’s warehouses. The new brigade was to he counted
as a fourth brigade in one general return, but at the same time to be
returned by Commanding Officers of the different brigades to which they
belonged as detachments from those brigades. The three brigades sent
British sergeants for the infantry, and 10 British sergeants for the
artillery of the new brigade.

It is evident from these orders that the brigade was at that period a
larger formation than the brigade of after years. The whole Bengal
Army, roughly twenty-five thousand men in strength, was divided into
three brigades by the organisation of 1765. A brigade was made up by
1 European battalion, 1 company of European artillery, 1 cavalry regiment,
and 7 infantry battalions. The result of the Goveraor-General’s orders
was that each detached a force equal to a modern brigade, in order to
form the Temporary Brigade at Fatehgarh. The Nawab Vizier gave up
nine infantry battalions, which were allotted, three to each of the Bengal
Army brigades ; and the intention was to form the Fatehgarh garrison

out of the battalions replaced by the Nawab Vizier’s troops. There was
probably some difference in discipline and training to the disadvantage of
the Nawab Vizier’s troops, who had less British ofticei*s and no British
non-commissioned officers, as compared with the Company’s troops. The
former however were actually cantoned in, or near, the area of the new
Temporary Brigade. It would have been a waste of time to march them
to Dinapore, Midnapore, and other distant Cantonments of the Bengal
Army brigades, to which they now belonged. They were accordingly left
where they were, and joined their brigades on paper only. The three
companies of Indian artillery remained with the Temporary Brigade. This
was the first employment of such artillery by the British. Up to that
date the artillery companies had been European in personnel. The three
companies of the new artillery actually received a greater number of
officers than that which had been ordered. Major Patrick Duff was the
Officer Commanding ; and he had under his command three captains, one
lieutenant, five lieutenant-fireworkers, an adjutant, and a quartermaster.
As subsequent events showed, the artillery proved to be the most efficient
and best disciplined corps of the Temporary Brigade. Its British non-
commissioned officers were men of good stamp. They were selected for
posts bearing responsibility, like those of provost sergeant, supervisor of
bazars, and supervisor of bullock lines. The infantry were relieved almost
annually after 1780 and both officers and men, grumbled a good deal over
it. The cavalry, on the other hand, were left at Fatehgarh for four years,
the Snd Regiment staying with short exceptions for nearly twenty years.

The formal transfer of the Vizier’s troops to the Company’s service
took place in September 1777. Fatehgarh was selected as a Cantonment
in order to cover Lucknow, and for communication with that place and
the detached posts in Rohilkhand. From Fatehgarh the Jumna ghats
could also be watched, and incursions by those fords prevented. The
Nawab Vizier had an empty fort at Fatehgarh, which could be made use-
ful. By this fort was a flat plain along the Ganges, containing the three
villages of Bholepur, Bhakramau, and Husainpur, which survive to-day in
the two former cases as integral parts of Cantonments and the Municipal
Area of Fatehgarh. The plain was devoid of trees, except in the vicinity

of the villages, and was covered with out-croppings of kankar. It was,
notwithstanding these disadvantages, considered as suitable for the new
Cantonment, or “ Camp ”, as it was called up to the Mutiny.

Long before the official resolution of the 4th August some orders
must have been issued to the Commander of the Vizier’s troops; for the
laying out of the Fatehgarh Camp started in May 1777. There is evi-
dence of the occupation of the Fatehgarh plain at an even earlier date,
namely in 1776, in which year a cavalry regiment was being raised by
Captain Marsack just outside Farrukhabad City. Lieutenant R. Foley
of the 5th Battalion of Sepoys, commanding a company of the Nawab
Vizier’s artillery, made his will on the 1st November 1776 in camp near
Farrukhabad. He was killed in action near Mainpuri in the following
March ; for throughout the whole year 1777 the country around Farrukha-
bad was in a state of great confusion, refractory zemindars shutting them-
selves up in their forts, and setting the Nawab Vizier’s Government at
defiance, particularly along the Jumna in the Etawah District. Sheo
Singh, master of the forts at Ahaundi and Tungha, was the most notori-
ous. During a greater part of the year Lt.-Colonel Goddard was oppos-
ing him with a strong body of the Nawab Vizier’s troops, until at the
end of the year he was driven across the Jumna. In consequence of these
operations the concentration at Fatehgarh, therefore, appears to have been
very gradual. Troops were moving there from Mainpuri during the
winter of 1776-77. Mainpuri, in fact, had not been evacuated by April,
since on the 3rd April Captain Charles Ware sent a complaint to the
Governor-General from that place. He protested against being super-
seded in promotion by Captain Thomas Naylor.

Charles Ware (1740-1803) started his career in the 85th and 84th
Foot, being present at the capture of Manila in 1762. He had served,
on the Bombay side of India with the 84th, and left the regiment with
other officei*s on transfer to the Bengal Army of the East India Company,
when the regiment went to Bengal from Bombay in 1764. He had thus
been serving several years in the British Army before Naylor had even
arrived in India. Naylor went out to India in 1764 as Purser of the
“ Success ”, Indiaman. He obtained a cadetship from Lord Clive in the

following year, and it is hard to understand how he could ever have been
placed above Ware, The latter, however, was made senior, and put in
command of the $J4th Battalion of the Temporary Brigade, Naylor com-
manding the 30th. The 30th Battalion survived all changes up to 1931,
when it was known as the 4/ 1st Punjab Regiment. Wai'e became a
notable character. He commanded the 1st Brigade in the Rohilla War
of 1794. On the outbreak of the 2nd Mahratta War he was a Major-
General commanding at Fatehgarh, and joining Lord Lake’s Grand Army
at Gursahaiganj was put in charge of the Right Brigade, He was pre-
sent at all the actions fought by Lord Lake, until he lost his life at
Laswari, his head being taken off by a round shot. He was known to be
the most hospitable man in the country ; for he had entrusted his savings
to a friend, who embezzled them, and on hearing the news he vowed he
would never again save another penny.

Fatehgarh Cantonment was modelled on that of Mainpuri, and a
general order dated the 18th May 1777 by the Q. M. G. of the Nawnb
Vizier’s forces definitely marks the beginning of the work of laying it out.
This general order, which unfortunately has not been traced, allotted
sites for officers’ bungalows and lines for the sepoys. Subsequent reports
give information about the Lines, but beyond the fact that the bungalows
were first constructed on the bank overlooking the Ganges no details
about them have been given. This much is known that the three bun-
galows from Hospital Ghat, which in later years housed the General
Hospital, formed the headquarters of the Temporary Brigade. The
general appearance of the bungalows, lining the Strand Road, can be
easily imagined, since a few years later these residences were said to be
like those at Cawnpore. It was many months, however, before house
accommodation could be fully provided. In December 1777 artillery
and cavalry officers were still living in tents.

The Q. M. G. of the Nawab Vizier’s troops, who was responsible for
the laying out of Fatehgarh was Captain Primrose Thompson, of whom
very little is known. Ten yeai*s before he was an Ensign. He died at
Cawnpore in October 1778, being styled, “ Late Q. M. G. to the Vizier
of Indostan’s Army His proceedings at Fatehgarh are revealed by

papers dealing with a fierce quarrel with Captain Marsack, who since
the beginning of the winter of 1776 had been busily engaged in raising a
cavalry regiment near Farrukhabad City. The following interesting
details about the latter officer have been given by Major Hodson. Charles
Mai*sack (1735-1820) was a natural son of George II by Marguerite de
Marsack. He was an Ensign in 1765, but resigning his commission in
the following year, was readmitted in 1766. He resigned a second time
in 1779, and left India. He purchased Caversham Park, Oxon, from the
1 st Earl Cadogan, and in 1787 was J. P. and High Sheriff of the county.
He died at Caversham in 1820, aged 84.

On the 22nd of May Colonel Goddard had to go to Lucknow. He
left in temporary co nmand Captain Ware, who himself on the 15th June
had to take a colum i into Rohilkhand in order to relieve troops. Ware
handed over charge ot Fatehgarh to Marsack by letter, as the latter was
three or four miles away. The senior officer at Fatehgarh was Captain
Primrose Thompson, who was involved in a good deal of bother at the
time. He was guarding a vast quantity of stores, which had been dumped
down on the plain by the Fort. He had just laid out lines for the
infantry, and the sepoys were objecting to the form of the huts. They
did not approve of double rows of huts behind bells of arms, as ordered
by Thompson. They showed their disapproval by trying to set them on
fire. Thompson complained particularly of the l/2nd and 5th Regiments.
He wanted orders to be issued, and did not know that Ware had gone.
He asked Ensign Hicks, who was acting as Adjutant, to show him the
orderly book. That day, the 17th June, Hicks was away at Lutinbagh,
the name of the place wliere Captain Marsack was then raising his regi-
ment, Thompson found that Marsack was in charge, although he was
several miles away, and could be therefore of no assistance in laying out
the Cantonment. Objection was at once made to Colonel Goddard, who
wrote to Marsack and ordered him to hand over charge to Thompson,
since he was not at Fatehgarh, and not in proper charge because his
regiment was not yet part of the brigade. On the 19th June at midnight
Marsack wrote a general order which he dated the 19th June, giving the^
substance of Colonel Goddard’s order. He inserted this general order I

into the orderly book. The next day Thompson assuming chai*ge of Fateh-
gai-h and examining the orderly book, found the general order in it. His
first act as Commanding Officer was to have that order erased.

It was the hot weather, and both officers wei*e living in tents. It is
no matter for surprise therefore, to find that a violent quarrel broke
out, which was the cause of a lengthy correspondence with Goddard in
Lucknow. On the J23rd June Thompson plaintively remarks in one of
his letters to Lucknow, (and both he and Marsack seem to have written
three or four a day to Goddard.) ‘‘ Since you left me, it seems to be
my fate to be for ever writing and yours to be ever reading ” ! Colonel
Goddard was unable to settle the dispute, which continued to rage
furiously for another two months. The whole file, a most voluminous
one, was sent up to General Clavering, the Commander-in-Chief at
Calcutta. On Goddard’s return to Fatehgarh, both officers appeared
before him in conformance with the Commander-in- Chief’s order that
the matter was to be settled at once. Thompson apologised for erasing
the order. Colonel Goddard censured Marsack for inserting his letter
into a general order os ‘‘ unnecessary and unmilitary.” He considered
that Captain Ware had been wrong in handing over command to Marsack.

The Infantry Lines and bungalows were all in being by the time
the transfer of the Nawab Vi/ier's troops to the East India Company's
service took place in September. The records show that the troops had
considered themselves to be in the new service even many months
previously. The words ‘‘Nawab Vizier” had been employed as an
official description without real meaning. It was evident that all troops
turned their eyes to Calcutta. In September the appointments to the
new brigade were settled. At Fatehgarh on the 17th, Lieutenant
G. Young wrote to Colonel Goddard for leave in a letter the (juaint
phraseology of which is worth reproducing : “ Sir, he wrote, “ the

repeated shocks that my health has received during nine years which I
have had the honour of serving the Hon’ble Company in this country,
renders it indispensably necessary for me to return to Europe by the
ships of this season, which the Surgeons advise as the only possible means
I have left of recruiting a shattered constitution. I am therefore reduced

to the disagreeable necessity of applying for permission to go to the
Presidency in order to prepare for my voyage, which I flatter myself you
will be kind enough to consent to and that you will be pleased to make
my request known to the Commander-in-Chief.” The leave was granted,
but nowhere in the letter or in the Commander-in-Chief’s order is the
amount of leave mentioned.

The constitution of the new brig idc was announced as follows : —
General Staff. Colonel M. Leslie. Commanding.

Lt.-Colonel T.Goidard, Second in Command.

Lt. R. Frith ... Major of Brigade.

Captain Cockerell ... Secretary.

Lt. T. Hoggan .

Lt. W, Patterson } Aides-dc-Ca,np.

Lt. P. Hay ... Persian Interpreter.

Ensign A. Kyd ... Field Engineer.

N, Middleton ... Paymaster.

L. Oliver ... Auditor of Accounts.

W. H. Bird ... Commissary of Musters,

and Dy. Judge Advocate.
Surgeons ... J. Laird, G. Boyd, B. Harwood, K. Murchison, W. Gowdie.
Artillery ... Major P. Duff ... Commanding.

Cavalry ... Major W. Hessman ... Commanding.

Infantry ... Major A. F. Auchmuty ... Commanding.

The brigade artillery comprised the 1st, Jind and 3rd Companies.
The cavalry corps was made up by the 1st, Jind and 3rd Regiments.
There were nine battalions of infantry. A reorganisation on the 5th
December 1777 altered the numbers of all units and settled their
commands. The Temporary Brigade then appeared in its final shape.
Cavalry ... 1st Regiment (Capt. Wray) became the 1st.

2nd Regiment (Capt. Webber) the 2nd.

3rd Regiment (Capt. Fairfax) the 3rd.

Artillery ... 1st Company (Capt.-Lieut. Hill) the 6th.

2nd Company (Capt.-Lieut. Sampson) the 7th.

3rd Company (Capt.-Lieut. Harris) the 8th.

Infantry ... 1st Bn.

4th Bn.
8th Bn.
Jind Bn.
5th Bn.
9th Bn.
3rd Bn.
7th Bn,
6th Bn.

(Capt. Ei'skine) the J^J^nd.
(Capt. Hoggan) the 23rd.
(Capt. Ware) the 24th.
(Capt. Stewart) the 25th.
(Capt. Penning) the 26th.
(Capt. Baillie) the 27th.
(Capt. Rawstome) the 28th.
(Capt. Landeg) the 29th.
(Capt. Naylor) the 30th.

Colonel Matthew Leslie, commanding the 1st Brigade, took over
command of the Temporary Brigade at Fatehgarh on the morning of the
29th October 1777 from Colonel Goddard, and reported that day to the
Governor-General, Warren Hastings. He was probably the most
experienced offi^^er then serving in Bengal, and had seen much active
service. Major Hodson describes his career as starting in 1745.
“ Matthew Leslie, Surgeon, to be Second Surgeon’s Mate of Our Garrison
in Our Island of (^ipe Breton, N. America,” are the words of the first
notice found about him. He was one of the three Surgeon’s Mates to
the Hospital in N. America in 1754. There he was appointed directly as
Lieutenant, 48th Foot, without being Ensign. He was present in America
during the Seven Years’ War. After serving in the expedition to Fort
dll Quesne, the battle of Quebec in 1759, and the capture of Havana in
1762, he was transferred as Lt.-Colonel to the Bengal Army in 1768. He
commanded the Right Wing of the forces in the 1st Rohilla War.

Colonel Leslie’s first occupation was a minute inspection of the new
Cantonment. His reports to the Comrnander-in-Chief at Calcutta are full
^ of interest. All that is known of Fatehgarh and its appearance in the
first year of its history, is derived from them. He found the state of the
troops to be anything but satisfactory. The officers were irascible and
prone to quarrel at the slightest pretext; and the history of the first
twenty years of Fatehgarh’s existence is chiefly the relation of quarrels
and courts-martial, which kept the Officer Commanding and his Deputy
Judge Advocate continually busy. The echoes of one such quarrel were

still to be heard at the time of Colonel Leslie’s arrival. The trouble
arose on the appearance of Captain Law with the advance squadron of
Captain Webber’s 2nd Regiment of Cavalry from Benares. Captain
Webber had been left at Allahabad ill of fever. Captain Law immediately
on arrival arrogantly demanded several months* pay and horse rations
from O’Donnell, the Paymaster, who referred to Colonel Goddard for
orders, since Captain Webber had also written for them. In any case
such demands had to be i*efused. Colonel Goddard agreed, and replied
that no payments would be made until Captain Webber arrived. Law
fell into a furious rage, and as seems to be the invariable cuslom of
the eighteenth century officer, drafted an appeal to the Commander-in-
Chief against his Commanding Offitjer in language which wtis anything
but temperate. He stigmatised Colonel Goddard’s order as “ injurious
to himself and contradictory to the rules of the service.” Goddard’s
order, however, was upheld at Calcutta.

Leslie reported to the Commander-in-Chicf on the 5th November
that most of the Temj)orary Brigade with almost all the stores were away
with Colonel Goddard in the District. He found the troops were long in
arreara of pay and in want of ivitions. The night before (4th November)
he discovered that disaffection was so great among the troops that he
feared a mutiny would break out. Captain Fairfax’s 3rd Regiment of
Cavalry was in a dangerous state. A number of duffadars belonging to
the other two regiments had become supeimumerary. They were ordered
to join Captain Fairfax’s regiment as privates until vacancies could be
found for them. They demanded to be paid off and discharged Leslie
had no cash. The duffadai’s became clamorous on parade, and on Captain
Fairfax ordering the ringleaders to be arrested, drew their swords, and
attacked the stable guard in order to make off with their horses. The
Cavalry Lines, it should be remembered, were at Rakha. In the midst of
the tumult Captain Fairfax’s horse bolted. It was some time before he
could call up a battalion of sepoys from Fatehgarh, and have the stables
surrounded. The mutineers, however, including 78 duffadars and 100
troopers, got away from Rakha with four horses. In the darkness a few
others were wounded by bayonets, and it was not until dawn that order

was restoi*ed. A second misfortune for the Officer Commanding was
apparent the next morning, when the body of the new cavalry commander,
Major Hessman, was brought into Fatehgarh for burial, and this at a
time when the cavalry corps was in special need of a firm controlling
hand. Major Hessman was on his way to take up his appointment, when
he quarrelled with Colonel Ironside at Kanauj. The result was a
‘‘ rencounter,” as Leslie reported it, or duel, in which Hessman was killed
outright. Major Auchmuty brought in the body. Colonel Goddard was
called in from field service, and given the command of the cavalry, Colonel
Muir taking his place. The month of November was not to finish without
further trouble for the new commander. The sepoys, thinking that their
arrears of pay were to be withheld, Ijecame mutinous on the 18 th, and
planned to seize the artillery. Colonel Goddard arrived at the Lines with
Captain Webber’s regiment of cavalry, Captain Rawstome's battalion,
and the heavy artillery. An outbreak was thus averted, and some arrears
Ixjing doled out discontent was allayed.

The District, too, was producing as much worry as that caused by
the insubordination at Fatehgarh. The ruler, or Amil, of the District on
behalf of the Nawab Vizier was at this period the famous Almas Ali Khan,
He was the sworn enemy of the zamindars, and constantly demanded the
aid of the troops to drive them from their forts. His headquartei*s were
at Mehndi Ghat near Kanauj. The remains of his camp, an excellent
example of eighteenth century field fortifications, are still to be seen at
that place in splendid preservation. Almas Ali Khan had just borrowed
Captain Landeg’s battalion, and had not returned it. He now asked for
two more battalions and some heavy artillery. Leslie refused the
requisition, and the Governor-General backed him up. It was essential to
preserve the zamindars’ forts along the Jumna and in the Duab for
teeping off the Mahrattos, and it was most inexpedient to allow Almas
Ali Khan to destroy them. Leslie’s opinion, in fact, was that the troops
at Fatehgarh should be employed to help the zamindars. With that
object in view he had placed a detchraent at Etawah, a second at Tungha
Fort near Kalpi, a third at Derinagar ort the other side of the Ganges to
protect Rohilkhand, and a whole battalion at Moradabad for the internal

security of that area. One zamindar did not commend himself to l.eslie.
In view of the notoriety ac(|uired by his descendants up to 1857, there
seems to be justification for the exj>edition against the zamindar of
Thathia in December 1777, when four battalions and one regiment of
cavalry, accompanied by two companies of artillery and the ‘‘ battering
artillery ” of the Nawab Vizier under Major Duff, set off under the
command of Colonel Leslie himself for that place. On the 7th January
1778 this large force camped at Rampora, one and a half kos from
Thathia, and so overawed the recalcitrant zamindar that he paid all
arrears of revenue at once. The second expedition to Thatia was in 1803,
an event which is marked by the tomb of the commander. Colonel Guthrie,
still to be seen within a few hundred yards of the remains of the fort. The
last holder of Thathia rebelled in the Mutiny, and the fort was completely
demolished by a column under Major-General Windham. The lofty mound,
covered with the debris of the fort, which stood upon it, is all that is left
to-day.

The condition of the troops in 1777 left much to be desired.
Discontent, due to the existence of long arrears of pay, was rife. There
was a general aversion to coming on to the new establishment. The
artillery corps with its “ lascars and golandazes ” was in excellent order
and discipline, and this was the solitary exception. On the other hand
the magazine and ordnance stores belonging to the artillery were in
confusion and unserviceable to boot. The cavalry regiments and horses
were in miserable condition. The discipline of all was bad. Captain
Webber’s regiment had a scandalous appearance, being badly clothed in
dyed nankeen, and using worn out bridles and saddles. The infantry were
in better order, but their clothing was not good. The Fort was in bad
repair and empty. The magazine was in part of an old mosque and most
insufficient. Leslie recommended that it should be moved to the Fort. He
appointed a committee under Major Duff to examine the guns and
ordnance stores of the infantry battalions ; for each battalion had two
brass guns, either five and a half, or six-pounders, in calibre. The
committee discovered that out of the eighteen guns of the infantry and those
also of the brigade artillery, no less than twenty-four were unfit for use.

Colonel Leslie had little chance of carrying out reforms. The report
on the artillery was still being digested by him, when orders were received
calling him to the command of the column which was to march across
India from Cawnpore to help the Bombay Government against the
Mahrattas. He left Fatehgarh on the 14th April handing over charge
to Lt.-Colonel Muir. The energy which he had shown in Fatehgarh seems
to have left him, and this is hardly a matter for wonder. Leslie led his
column of six battalions from the 1st Brigade with some cavalry and
artillery into Bundelkhand in a very leisurely manner. The hot weather
was in progress, and at the very commencement of the march an officer
named Captain Crawford died of sunstroke, a circumstance which after-
wards was made the subject of recriminations between Warren Hastings
and his rival Francis in the Council room at Calcutta, since Francis
affirmed that Leslie had suppressed the matter. Leslie was no longer
young, and was probably unfit for active service. Owing to his
dilatoriness, the Bengal Government ordered Colonel Goddard to go and
supersede him. Leslie died, however, at Rajgarh in Central India on the
3rd October 177S before the order of supersession reached him.

The next permanent commander was Lt.-Colonel Benjamin Wilding
(1732-1780), for Colonel Muir seems to have been busy preparing for field
service, and was only at Fatehgarh a few days. Colonel Wilding’s report
of the 19th May 1778 gives invaluable details concerning the new Lines.
These details together with scattered allusions in other reports, specially
those of the annual surveys of public buildings in the Cantonments, make
it possible to describe the extent and appearance of the Lines with some
exactitude. Wilding had been a cadet as far ago as 1759, and had seen
a good deal of service. In 1759 he was at the storming of Masulipatam
and at Buxar in 1764. He was one of those who resigned during the
“ Batta Mutiny ” and went home; but he was readmitted and returned to
India, subsequently commanding at Chunai and Monghyr before coming
to Fatehgarh. He died at Calcutta in command of the 2nd Brigade.

Two bridges marked the right and the left ends of the Lines respec-
tively. By these bridges were set up Sepoy Guard Rooms, consisting of
thatched roofs, supported by mango wood posts, and with grass mats as

walls. These bridges, several times renewed since the eighteenth century,
are still in use, for they bridge deep nullahs, and are essential for
preserving communications witliin the Cantonment. The bridge on the
right of the line carries the road to No. 2 Bungalow and Hospital Ghat,
and is nearly opposite the Indian Military Hospital. The Lines started
in the compound of the present Military Hospital, and stretched without
a break nearly to the Queen Victoria Memorial by Fatehgarh Town. In
front of the right of the line, that is, where the Mint House now stands,
was a long shed of thatched roof and mango wood posts, in which were
kept the guns of the brigade artillery. Their stores were placed in an
old mosque, belonging to the adjoining village of Husainpur. The bridge
and Sepoy Guard Room on the left of the line were behind No. 15
Bungalow. The bridge now carries the Post Office Road over the wide
nullah leading to Bargadia Ghat. The road was not built, however,
until after 1857. The left of the line was occupied by the guns of the
infantry battalions, eighteen in number. The gun sheds together with
the quarters of the gunners prolonged the line nearly up to Fatehgarh
Town, Between these two bridges on both sides of the Mall Road, two
rows of bamboo and straw huts provided accommodation for six batta-
lions, each battalion having ten bells of arms in front of it on the edge of
the parade ground, and facing west. These bells of arms were 1 2 feet
square, made of sun-dried bricks, and covered by flat mud roofs under a
thatched outer roof. There was one quarter- and one rear-guard for each
battalion, built in exactly the same manner. On the right of each
battalion was a small bungalow for British sergeants, 28 of whom had
Ix^en sent to the Temporary Brigade for employment with the infantry.

The abundant vegetation and avenues of nim trees, which now exist
in this part of the Cantonment, have changed the scene. In 1777 the
ground was a flat and barren plain, covered with kankar stone. There
were no trees of any description. The plain stretched from the Fort to
the ravines near Rakha, which was called the ‘‘ Rear ” in contemporary
reports. The cavalry set up their quarters and stables on the old hunting
preserve of the Nawabs of Farrukhabad, forming an almost separate
Cantonment of their own. The brigade bazar was formed between the

cavalry and the infantry, and became the nucleus of the existing town of
Fatehgai’h. It was merely a collection of straw huts, which in eighteenth
century language were called “boutiques.” Besides the dusty track,
which bisected the Sepoy Lines, there was only one other road. Along
this road, following the bank of the Ganges, the officers set up their
houses in such numbers that the space must have been badly congested.
The three end bungalows to the north by Hospital Ghat were reserved for
Brigade Headquarters. Hospital accommodation consisted of two sheds
in the Infantry Lines, and a larger collection of huts and mud buildings
by the bazar, which seems to have been in or near to the present (>ompany
Bagh in the Civil Station. A bungalow was built next door to the Fort,
but with this exception there appears to have been no houses built any-
where outside the Strand Road. The whole society of Fatehgarh in the
eighteenth century congregated in this road which, it must be remembered,
started farther to the north than it does at present. It began at Hospital
Ghat, traversing the plain in front of No. ^ Bungalow, so as to give
access to the bungalows on the river bank. The ruins of the old bridge,
by which the road crossed the nullah to the north of the Court, where the
officers of the 10/7th Rajput Regiment now play squash racquets, can be
plainly discovered in the undergrowth. The road then emerged from the
Park by the present entrance of the Officers’ Mess, and continued, as it
does now, to the Civil Lines and Rakha, The oldest public work in
Fatehgarh is on this road. The bridge over the nullah by No. L3
Bungalow has the following inscription let into the wall by the road-side.
“ This bridge was erected by subscription of the officers etc. at this
station. A. D. 1788.” It was not until 1888 that the road was
metalled, drained, and tunnels made to carry off the rain water. The
Junnels cost Rs. J2,000. The Bargadia Ghat nullah, which crosses the
road, was carefully preserved from trespassers, as the best kind of thatch-
ing grass grew in it.

West of the Strand Road lay the Lines of the Sepoys, and further
west again the parade ground continued right up to the walls of
Farrukhabad City, an arid plain unrelieved by any trees or buildings,
over which scoured bands of mounted robbers, called Mewattis. Even so

late as 1794 a young Civilian, named Twining, writes that he was
cautioned not to go beyond the parade ground proper in his morning
rides for fear of being captured by bandits. In April 1787 Major
Whinyates, the Quartermaster of the 4th Brigade, had a dangerous
experience in this direction. He was driving Mrs. Whinyates and his
infant son in a “ one horse chair,” and returning to Fatehgarh, when
robbers attacked them with drawn swords near Barhpur. The wings of
the buggy warded off the cuts made at Major Whinyates, and the party
only escaped by hard driving over the plain. The Lai Darwaza Road
did not then exist. The only roads to the City were from Ghatia Ghat
and Rakha. Both roads crossed numerous nullahs haunted by packs of
wolves, and being rough country tracks were particularly unsafe for

wheeled traffic.

There are several plans of houses in the records, and one has been
given in the chapter on Husainpui. The smaller kind of bungalow was
80 feet long by JsJO feet broad, containing one room, partitioned into two
by a mud wall. This style of house could hardly be simpler, and was
designed for the sergeants. The officers’ houses were larger. Those at
Cawnpore were described by a tourist named Hodges, who visited that
Cantonment in 1788. Sale deeds of the early nineteenth century
indicate the existence of such bungalows at Fatehgarh going back to the
same jxjriod. Hodges says that there was a large room in the centre for
use as a combined dining and sitting room. At each corner there were
rooms for sleeping in, the space between them being used as verandahs.
The walls were made of mud, and the whole was covered with thatch,
which came down over the walls to a low height. There were no ceiling
cloths, no windows, or glass to cover the doors, but light and air were
admitted through wooden lattices. Furniture was confined to straight-
back chairs, tables, beds, and boxes. Book-cases and pictures are men-
tioned in the records. The cookhouse and necessary ” were in the
compound near the outhouses. House-keeping was very primitive. Meat
was bard to obtain, and English vegetables not at all. Wine was expen-
sive, and only senior officers could afford to lay in stocks. For most
officei's the only drinks were tea, toddy, and water from the Ganges, which

was reckoned to 1x3 very pure. There were no regimental messes. Each
officer catered for himself, and usually living with three or four others a
small mess could be maintained. It was the custom, too, for officers to
dine with each other in rotation, each bringing his own cutlery and
plates. Dinner was at 2 p. m., and in the evening there was supper
followed by card games like whist, five card loo, and tredille. Otherwise
there were few amusements. It is noteworthy that billiards were much
played in Fatehgarh. There is no indication given as to where the
tables were kept. Most probably the Assembly Rooms or theatre, a
building most certainly in existence by 1804, had l^en constructed at an
early date, and contained a billiard room. The tables were very poorly
constructed, the beds being made of wood, or marble, and the cushions
stuffed with cotton. Cues were unknown, but balls were struck with maces
tipped with ivory. The punkha had not been invented, and indoor
amusements like billiards was a very disagreeable affair in the hot weather.
Outdoor games were unknown. Riding and shooting were the only forms
of exercise. Calling was only performed by gentlemen and in the even-
ing. Even in the hot weather full regimentals were worn ; but the red
cloth coatee could be taken off after the first ceremonies, and replaced by
a linen coat. After 1785 the Station developed rapidly, and numbers of
ladies made their appearance. Bungalows about this date l^ecame more
elaborate and much more expensive. Even in 1781 a Major Macpherson
after great difficulty bought a house for 2,000 sicca rupees, or 210 pounds
sterling, the ecpiivalent in English money of that period. Major
Whinyates, also, bought a bungalow in 1786, and lost Rs. 1,500 over it
on selling it the next year. A good sized house with four bedrooms cost
about Rs. 4,000 in 1700, a sum which would have to be nearly doubled to
bring it up to modern values.

Colonel Wilding’s first days in Fatehgarh were occupied with settling
a curious affair arising out of gossip at the dinner table. Captain Erskine,
who commanded the 22nd Battalion, demanded a court-martial to clear
his character. Witnesses stated that at a party in “ Lieutenant ” Duff’s
quarters (Major P. Duff, Commandant of the brigade artillery) the con-
vei’sation turned on Mr. Wilson having persuaded Lieutenant McKenzie

to make a will in his favour. Captain Erskine was alleged to have remarked
that Lieutenant McKenzie was well-known to be insane, and that in any
case Mr. Wilson had forged the will. Erskine was apprehensive that he
would be branded as a libeller ! The result of the enquiry by the Officer
Commanding is not given.

The hoi weather of 1778 produced the usual court-martial, and in
this case on the complaint of Colonel Wilding himself. On the 5th June,
a particularly hot day, he put Lieutenant Archibald Hook of the 22nd
Battalion under arrest for disrespectful behaviour towards himself. The
court-martial was sanctioned by the Commander-in-Chief, and ordered for
the 1st August. Hook then added insult to injury by writing to the
Commander-in-Chief to the effect that he did not trust a single officer in
Fatehgarh. He asked to be tried at Cawnpore ! The Commander-in-Chief
replied that his request was indecent, and he must be tried by the officers
of his own brigade. He was duly sentenced to suspension for two months,
and ordered to make a public apology.

Much improvement had been effected by the following year, when
General Stibbert came from Calcutta, and made a full inspection. He
found the 23rd, 25th, 28th and 30th Battalions perfect in drill, firing,
and manoeuvre. Discipline was good. The 24'th and 27th Battalions
were out on service in the Duab. He found, too, that each battalion had
40 tom toms and trumpeters, and four drummers. He recommended
twelve drummers, twelve trumpeters, and less tom toms ! The only defect
was the condition of the transport cattle, which was very bad.

In August 1781 Major-General Sir John Cuming arrived at Fatehgarh
to take up the command after an interregnum during which several officers
had held the command temporarily. Major E. Rawstome (1745-1801),
then commanding the 21st Battalion, was perhaps the best known of
them. He afterwards became a Major-General and Colonel Commandant
of the newly founded cavalry brigade at Berhampore, where he died. Sir
John Cuming was transferred to the Bengal Army, like Leslie, from the
84th Regiment in 1763. He remained at Fatehgarh over four years, a
long time for a Commanding Officer, and died at St. Helena on his way
home in 1786. Little of importance beyond courts-martial took place at

Fatehgarh during his period of command ; but Sir John Cuming paid more
than ordinary attention to such proceedings, and during his time the
Deputy Judge Advocate was also his Secretary. Captain R. Broome and
Lieutenant W. Henderson filled this office between 1782 and 1785. The
unedifying trials of bad-tempered officers, which were held during these
years, are therefore the chief interest, as they must have been for residents
of the Station at the time.

Lieutenant James Fraser of the l/9th Regiment of Sepoys was put on
his trial in September 1781 on a charge of disrespectful behaviour to his
Commanding Officer, Major Cooke. He was acquitted. A much bigger
affair than this was the court-martial of Major Wray, commanding the
11th Sepoys. A connected trial was that of Captain Sam. Farmer of
the 2/21st Sepoys, an officer who is mentioned as executor in the inscription
on the tomb of Head Surgeon Hamilton in the compound of the District
Courts. Wray was a cadet in 1764. In 1788 he rose to the rank of
Lt.-Colonel commanding the 4th Brigade at Midnapore. He resigned in
1790, and died 1809.

The hot weather of 1 788 was fairly in progress, when Sir John Cuming
despatched two battalions to a place called Anupshahr on the Ganges to
protect the Nawab Vizier’s frontier against incursions by the Sikhs. These
two battalions were the 11th and 2/21st Sepoys. Unfortunately the
expedition was placed under the command of Lt.-Colonel Christian Knud-
son, a very unpopular officer, who had himself belonged to the 11th
Sepoys He was therefore well known to the officers of that corps. Knudson
was a Dane by birth, and was one of the officers of the 84th Regiment
who went into the Bengal Army in 1768 at the invitation of the East
India Company. He afterwards commanded Fatehgarh in 1787, and
died at Chuiiar in 1792. The burning heat of May naturally roughened
every officer’s temper, and Knudson precipitated an outburst by his very
first act. He stupidly ordered the camp to be pitched on an open plain.
By a singular display of mulishness he refused to listen to any advice, or
heed the growing murmurs of the troops. The next incident throws a
flood of light on eighteenth century military practices, when every officer
was a trader in disguise, and Commanding Officers had moi*e than

ordinal'y interest in securing contracts. Knudson had set up the usual
camp bazar, and Major Wray found one day shortly after that a private
servant of his had been arrested by Knudson for withdrawing his “boutique’’
from the bazar and selling grain in a neighbouring tope. On the 18th
May Major Wray wrote a furious letter to his Commander, and in no
uncertain terms demanded the release of his servant at once. He added
some libellous accusations to the effect that Knudson was purposely keeping
the troops short of grain, although there was abundance in the locality.
The motive, he stated, was very clear, for Knudson was trying to keep
the price of grain at a high level for his own profit ! On receipt of this
effusion Knudson put the writer under arrest. Sir John Cuming failing
to get the matter settled had to apply to the Commander-in-Chief for
sanctioning a court-martial.

On the 8th July Major Wray was put on trial, and accused of having
made false charges against his Commanding Officer with a dishonourable
intention of injuring his reputation. Wray ])rotested his letter was a
private one, and not meant to be published. In spite of eighteen years’
service in the Army he was ordered to be dismissed by the Court. He
appealed to the Governor-General. The sentence, was set aside ; for the
trial had been full of irregularities. For one thing the accused had been
jn’esumed guilty, and ordered to prove his innocence.

Meanwhile, after the arrest of Major Wray, agitation against Colonel
Kundson was fomented by Captain Farmer, Lieutenants Butler, Atkinson
and other officers. Acting on instructions from Sir John Cuming, the
Commander of the force had forbidden all officers to shoot in the villages
belonging to the Delhi jurisdiction. The officers, filled with resentment,
abandoned all pi’etence of discipline. From the evidence given afterwards
before the Court, it seems evident that there was very strong ground for
considering the charge against Captain Farmer to be true. He was *
charged with having ordered the Indian Adjutant of his regiment to incite
the Indian officers of his own regiment and of the 11th Sepoys to complain
publicly of the hardships, which they were undergoing, by being made to
camp on an open plain, in the hot May sun without sufficient water.
Somewhat inexplicably the Court acquitted Captain Farmer, a verdict

which incensed Sir John Cuming ; for he h*vd deemed the charge to be
one of incitement to mutiny. This was in July, and, much discontented.
Sir John Cuming ordered the Court to re*assemble at 10 a. m. on the J3rd
September at the Resident’s Quarters, and revise its proceedings. It
would be interesting to know where the Resident lived. The reason for
choosing this house for meeting of the Court was that it was empty at the
time, there having been no Resident for over two years. There are clues
pointing to the fact that the Resident lived in Farrukhabad City near the
Nawab’s palace, together with his bodyguard, but nothing certain is known,
and it seems unlikely that the Court would go to a house more than three
miles away from Fatehgarh. The result of the proceedings was the same
as before, the Court maintaining its decision of ac(|uittal. Sir tlohn
Cuming complained bitterly to the Governor-General of this miscarriage
of justice, but only obtained cold comfort. He was told he had no power
to revise the proceedings, and must release Captain Farmer at once ; for
that officer had been under close arrest for five months, and had not been
set at liberty after his accjuittal. The Indian Adjutant of the 2/21st,
however, did not escape scot-free. He was suspended from his adjutancy
for two months. Two sepoys were tried and acquitted, but a third sepoy
committed contempt of court by refusing to plead at all. He was sentence-
ed to be dismissed the service, and “ to be drummed out with a halter
about his neck as an example to others. ”

Sir John Cuming was usually successful in getting rid of bad bargains.
Lack of discipline and insubordination were the worst features of
garrison life in Fatehgarh in the eighteenth century. On the 2Jrd Feb-
ruary 17b 4, the court-martial of Lieutenant Joseph Earle of the 9tli
Sepoys was ordered. This officer was in commatid of a detachment of
200 men, which was ordered to cross the Ganges at the Fort, and march
towards Amritpur in advance. The remainder of the regiment under
Major Cooke was to follow. On arriving at the river bank Major Cooke
found that though the advance detachment had crossed over by the ferry,
Earle was not with it. Earle, in fact, arrived leisurely some time after-
wards, dressed in uniform, but without his accoutrements. Major Cooke
put him under arrest at once. The Court, presided over by Major

Landeg, passed orders dismissing him from the service Earle’s appeal
wtis rejected by the Commander in-Chief, for he had not improved matters
for himself by writing an abusive letter against Major Cooke in true
eighteenth century fashion. Earle did not rest even after the rejec-
tion of his appeal. He drafted a memorial at tremendous length to the
Governor-General, which he filled with passionate protestations of inno-
cence, and demands for justice. The Officer Commanding himself was
not backward in writing offensive letters. Most of 1783 had been passed
in a conflict with Mr. Bristow, the Resident at Lucknow, over supplies to
the troops, and over accounts. Much heat was expended by both parties,
but Sir John Cuming was victorious. Mr. Bristow had to complain to
Govemment of his personal conduct.

Sir John Cuming’s tenure of the command terminated at the
end of 1785, when he resigned. Little had happened during the year of
any moment. A singular way of settling an audit objection occurred in
March. Lieutenant Grace protested to the Commander-in-Chief that the
Committee of Accounts at Fatehgarh had disallowed half of his charges
for repairing the cavalry stables. The Commander-in-Chief was loath to
go through the accounts, and Sir John Cuming had refrained from making
any comment on forwarding the protest. A curious order was therefore
passed to the effect that, if Lieutenant Grace would swear that the repairs
had cost what he had charged, the bill would be passed. Sir John Cuming
then broke silence He wrote that he could not allow Grace to take the
oath required, because, as lie confessed, he had himself given Grace a
contract to carry out the repairs. Although the Commander in-Chief
sensed something dubious about the matter, he reluctantly allowed the
charges. It was no doubt being realised at Headquarters that the cavalry
stables at Fatehgarh fell down almost every year.

It appears that, when Sir John Cuming retunied to Bengal from
leave in 1781, he had been promised the command of a brigade in the
Nawab Vizier’s country, but Colonel Morgan (1742-1819) had been given
that command, as in effect he was already on the spot, and Cuming was
sent to Fatehgarh. He now claimed the command of a brigade which
was about to go into Oudh. The Governor-General and his Board

refused the claim : Sir John Cuming demanded copies of all orders passed,
and lectured the Hon’ble Board ” on what he considered was disobe-
dience to the Company, since apparently the Director of the Company
had made some kind of promise to him in London. The Board refused
to allow itself to be bullied, and Sir John Cuming promptly resigned his
command, handing over charge to Colonel Horton Briscoe on the 9th
January 1786. He took three years’ leave, but in a few months died
on the way home.

Colonel Briscoe, (1741-180J^) commanded for the next three years,
and was a hospitable man, who was much liked. He afterwards became
a Major-General, and died at Calcutta. At one time he had been A.-D.-C.
to Warren Hastings. It was during his period of command that Fateh-
garh developed into a well-settled cantonment. Roads were improved,
and social amenities were greater. The bridge over the Bargadia Ghat
nullah was built by public subscription. The civil population, mainly
indigo planters and traders, made its appearance. A few good houses
were built on the site of the present District Courts in the Civil Lines.
The flimsy boutiques *’ of the brigade bazar were formed into streets
on a regular plan, Fatehgarh Town thus rising into lieing. I'lie Fort
was thoroughly repaired, and the area to the south of it Ixjcame covered
with buildings. Although the fashion was still to rely on thatched mud
barracks and houses for the accommodation of the troops, tiled roofs and
walls of sun-baked brick were making their appearance everywhere. The
Infantry Lines assumed a more orderly arrangement. Battalion store
rooms, Picquet guard rooms, a Provost Sergeant’s bungalow and prison
guard room, numerous cook rooms, and “ necessaries ”, or latrines, were
built on selected sites ; and the old haphazard arrangements of running
up a shed with grass-mat walls for covering piles of ordnance and other
military stores were given up. Courts-martial ceased for the time being.
Fortunately several letters and an interesting diary have come to light,
which tell of life at Fatehgarh during Colonel Briscoe’s regime. The pay
of the Officers was none too good, and that of the Cavalry was on one
occasion three months in arrears. Major Whinyates, Quartermaster of
the 4th Brigade at Fatehgarh, wrote in 1788, that his pay was about

Rs. 450 per mensem. Colonel Briscoe did much to ameliorate the lot
of his Officers who were all in debt, and had to pay many charges from
their allowances. He gave Whinyates a charger, and on the 22nd
February 1786, he warmly commended a petition from the Officers of the
Fatehgarh garrison to Lt. -General Sloper, the Commander- in -Chief.
Officers had to buy their tents and transport cattle, when they went on
service. They asked for compensation for all such heavy expenses, which
they had hitherto met from their own pockets.

Major Thomas Whinyates, (1755-1806) arrived at Fatehgarh, with
his wife, Catherine Whinyates, on the 31st October 1786, after a tedious
journey of three and a half months from Calcutta. They came by river,
and a small fleet consisting of a 20 oared barge, two luggage boats, and
a cook boat, was necessary to transport them. Letters written by this
couple from Fatehgarh in 1787, have been preserved in the Whinyates
family Records, but on the subject of the topography of the station they
arc irritfitingly vague. (3ne daughter was born to them at Fatehgarh,
and they already had an infant son with them. An adventure they had
with robbers has already been mentioned. Their letters say little about
Fatehgarh, although one local scandal is alluded to in a letter by Mrs.
Whinyates. She mentions that one “ Valentia de Bois” (l/2nd Bengal
European Regiment. Died 1826), had been put in irons, and was to be
tided at the next Sessions for shooting a man whose wife he was carrying
off. This outrageous person was a brother of Colonel S. Dubois, who
raised the Dooby ki paltan (l/21st and 41st N. I.) at Fatehgarh in 1803.
He was also a relative of F, de Seran Dubois, an indigo plantei and
Salt{)eti*c manufacturev in the Husainpur bazar (behind No. 1 Bungalow)
about 1825. Peter Dubois, a French musician, having contracted a
marriage with Lady Dorothy Annesley, founded this family, three
Membei*s of which were connected with Fatehgarh. The 4th Brigade
marched to Calcutta on the 1st November 1787, and the Whinyates
accompanied it. They both died in 1806, at Allahabad within a few
weeks of each other.

The first full Army List, which exists, is that for the year 1786-87.
It show^s there were six brigades in the Bengal Army of which the 1st

garrisoned Fatehgarh, being composed of six battalions of infantry, one
cavalry regiment and a company of artillery. Besides the Commander,
Colonel Briscoe, there were four surgeons, a commissary of ordnance and
two conductors, six artillery officers, and 65 cavalry and infantry
officers, each battalion and the cavalry regiment having British
sergeant-majors and sergeants in addition. An appointment, which
will be found mentioned in this and all subsequent lists up to 1808, is
that of the “ Representative of the Governors of the Orphan Society
The Society had its headquarters at Calcutta, and established a Free
School two years later. This school was divided into the “ Upper and
the Lower School,” which explains the laconic expression, often met with
in the records, referring to a person as coming t# Fatehgarh from the
‘‘Upper School”. The establishment of a special representative at
Fatehgarh would argue the existence of a numerous population descended
from soldiers, and probably of Eurasian descent. Lt.-Colonel Peter
Murray, held the appointment, and the same year became Adjutant-
General, Bengal. He was killed in 1808, on board the Lord Nelson, in
action with the French frigate Bcllona, off Ferrol. In addition,
there was the Deputy Paymaster, an officer who seems to have been a
Civilian. John Becher who held this appointment in 1786, had been
a Factor of the East India Company five years before. The names
of Civilian residents are not given in the list, but four years later
they are stated to be Andrew Elliot (shopkeeper), William Gozna
(tailor), George Maclean (trader), Laurence Paul (trader), W. P. Wattle
(trader), and F. Wittpenning (shopman). From the records it is known
that Paul at any rate had already been many years in Fatehgarh. There
were others like Robert Carshore and Stewart, who are not mentioned
, at all.

Captain Jonathan Wood wrote a long letter on the 1st August
1789 to his friend Ozias Humphrey, R. A., from Fatehgarh. It has
been published at length in “ Bengal, Past and Present ”, Vol. 85. In
it he discloses that he belonged to the 2nd Brigade, which after having
been stationed for only one year at Cawnpore, relieved a brigade at
Fatehgarh. In December 1788, a month after his arrival, Wood was

with a detachment of three battalions and artillery, which marched to
Anupshahr for the protection of the noi*thern dominions of the Nawab
Vizier. They remained there in camp for seven months, and returned to
Fatehgarh, when the Ganges rose. Before going olf, however, he had
made a very agreeable trip to Agra, Muttra and Delhi, as one of a party
of tourists. It may well be surmised that this was one of the usual
diversions of the Fatehgarh garrison. The party was a large one includ-
ing Colonel Briscoe, General Carnac (2nd in Command at Plassey. Died
at Mangalore in 1800, aged 84), Major Smith and Sons (commanded the
14th Battalion. Died 1794), Melville (a Civilian and Paymaster), and a
number of others the most notable of whom were the two Daniells, the
artists. An escort of l^o companies of sepoys and a body of cavalry
went with them. About the hot weather he writes, ‘‘ I never experienced
the heat so oppressive as this season. Luckily it did not last long. The
thermometer when exposed to the sun on the Srd June was 142, in the
shade 112. The following morning at S o'clock we were much alarmed
with a violent shock of an earthquake, but no mischief done ”. He
gives the amount of his pay as being nearly Rs. 400 per mensem, on
field batta. The system in vogue of relieving troops annually made the
officers, he said, very uncomfortable.

The artists, Thomas and his nephew William Daniells, visited Fateh-
garh in 1789 during their tour around India. William wrote a diary,
which has never been published, but extracts relating to Fatehgarh have
been kindly communicated by Sir Evan Cotton. In volume 45 of
“ Bengal, Past and Present ”, Sir Evan Cotton has given a full account
of the Daniells. From the diary it is clear they were at Fatehgarh from
the 1st to 10th January 1789, and a second time from the 1st to 17th
June. There are no views of Fatehgarh among their sketches, but there
are several of ‘‘ Cannouge ”, or Kan an j, from the Ganges. The part of
the diary which relates to Fatehgarh begins with the entry for 1st January
1789. “Left Cawnpore abt. i of 12 a. m. in our palanquins for Futty
Ghur where we arrived abt. 10 p. m. Were put down at Col.
Brisco’s. Found no body at home. However took the liberty of taking
possession of the couches in the Bungalow for the night.

Jan. 2. Abt. 9 o.c. Colonel Brisco arrived from Delia (Dahlia,
4 miles from the Fort across the Ganges) where he had been spending a
few days. He received us very politely. Colonel Macleod (20th Chief
of Macleod, 73rd Highlanders. Commanding at Cawnpore. Died iii
Guernsey 1801) soon after arrived who received us also very politely.
Were introduced to him by Colonel B. Mr. Melvil (Melville, Bengal Civil
Service. Paymaster to troops) invited us to dinner who we accordingly
waited on. Spent the evening with Captain Scott, (Captain 3rd
Battalion Artillery. Died at Dinapore, 1802).

Jan. 3. Dined with Mr. Baillie (L. Baillie. Lieutenant, 1st Cavalry.
Lost on the voyage to India on the “Skelton Castle” in 1806). It rained
a little while we were at table. Un. (uncle i.e» Thomas Daniell) wrote
to Mr. Cockerell, Davis, and Captain Palmer.

Jan. 4. Dined at Captain Friths (R. Frith. 3rd Bengal Europeans.
Died at Bombay 1805). Un. and self went in one of Colonel Brisco’s
Buggys to sec the review of Cavalry which lasted abt. 2 hours. Re-
turned abt. 9 o.c, Ther. (thermometer) at 6 a. m., 50.

Jan. 5. A great party at Dinner at Colonel Brisco’s. It l)cing the
last day of Colonel Macleod ’s stay at Futty Ghur, Colonel, Mrs. Macleod,
and party went on Board their Boats after supper.

Jan. 6. Un. writing letters most part of the day. Myself employed
making a view of Colonel Brisco’s Bungalow which I nearly completed by
Dinner. In the evening Colonel B., General C, (John Carnac who was
visiting Fatehgarh), Mr. Brown (G. S. Brown. Lieutenant, A, D. C. to
Colonel Briscoe. Afterwards Lieutenant-General and K. C. B. Died at
Brussels 1828), Un. and self took a walk to Colonel B’s. garden. Spent
the evening with Mrs. Vanzandt (wife of James Vanzandt, a Calcutta
auctioneer who owned house property at Cawnpore. Sheriff of Calcutta.
‘Died near Taunton in 1823). Colonel Macleod and party left Futty
Ghur very early this morning. Ther. at 6 a. m,. 45.

Jan. 7. Un. and self set out very early in our palanquins and
arrived at Captain Montagu’s tent on Delia plain about 3 o.c.

Jan. 8. Finishing the view of Colonel B’s Bungalow. Colonel B.
preparing a tour to Agra, Delhi etc. Ther. at 6 a. m., 45.

Jan. 9. Looking over Gilchi*ist most of the day, Uii. over Hadley
(both Hindustani grammars). Supped with Captain Fawcett (Brigade
Major 5th Brigade. Died in England 182B) who is to accompany us to
Furruckabad to-morrow.

Jan. 10. We set off very early this morning for Furruckabad.
Un. went with Captain Fawcett in Captain F’s Phaton and I drove one of
Colonel B’s Buggys. Breakfasted in a garden close to the largest tomb (of
Nawab Mohammed Khan, by the Mau gate of the City) at Furruckabad.
After breakfast went into the town and looked at two or three more
Mosques of a curious kind. Returned about 11 o.c. near the Tomb
where we had breakfasted and made two or three drawings of it. Dined
by the Tomb and returned to Futty Ghur abt. Sunset.

Jan. 11. We went on Col. Brisco’s elephant to Furruckabad with
an intention of seeing the Fort. Sent on an Harcarrah to inform the
Nawaub of our arrival. Waited in a Mosque near two hours when the
Harcarrah brought back word that the Nawab was asleep and if we
would wait till he awoke we might then have a permit to see the Fort.
This answer made us mount the elephant and return to Futty Ghur, but
soon after we left Farruckabad an Harcarrah came and informed us that
the Nawab was awake and would grant us a permit to see the Fort.
However his ungentleman like behaviour induced us to keep on but we
sent our Salaams and would wait on him another morning. Dined with
Captain Scott in the evening.

January 12. Busy packing up all day. Dined with Captain
Scrimshere (John Scrymgeour. Brigade Major 4th Brigade. Died in
Mysore 1791), and spent the evening at Captain Frith’s.

January 19. Left Futty Ghur at Sunrise (with Colonel Briscoe’s party),
and came to the ground where the tents were pitched (at Mohamdabad)
about i after 8. Distant from Futty Ghur by the Perambulator 14*
miles, (a large wheel, trundled by a handle with a clock work attachment
and a dial, which recorded the revolutions, and so measured the
distances). We came on two of the Colonel’s elephants. Un. in the
Umaree myself in the Houda. The face of the country from B’utty
Ghur to Mohamedabad is flat, but beautiful groves of trees ai*e every-

21 )

where scattered about. After breakfast we walked to the Fort of
Mohamedabad built by Mohained Khan, grandfather to the present
Nawaub of Furruckabad (Mazalfar Jang) abt. 70 years ago. We made
a few sketches of it. In the evening I made a general view of Camp.

January 14. Started abt. an hour before sunrise and came in
our camp at Begur (Bewar) at 9 o.c, distant from Mohamedabad 11
miles.”

Colonel John White was sent from Dinapore to take up the
command at Fatehgarh in 1790. He was a very senior officer. It is
not known when he obtained a cadetship. Major Hodson gives his
list of services as follows — Lieutenant in 1759, and full Colonel in 1780.
The old 12th N. I., which he raised at Monghyr in 176*3 as the 15th
Battalion, was called after him ‘‘ Hote-ki-paltan.” The campaign against
the Rajah of Benares in 1781 was the only active service which he saw.
He died in 1794, and his grave is to be seen in the old cemetery below
Chunar Fort. At the end of his holding the command he incurred the
displeasure of the Commander-in-Chief. In the eighteenth century the
Husainpur and Sudder Bazar were looked after by on official called tlie
‘‘Commissary of Bazars”, and later a warrant officer on the Town
Majors’ list was entrusted with the same work. In 1792 Robert Grant,
whose infant son is buried in the Fort cemetery, was Paymaster to the
troops at Fatehgarh and Cawnporc, and Superintendent of Bazar Duties.

This was his official title, but more commonly he was known as the
Bazar Commissary, and had a number of underlings who carried out
his orders. He was in Fatehgarh in 1787, and still working in the
same capacity eleven years afterwards. A Government Order of 1787
forbade Commanding Officers to give orders to the Bazar Chaudhries
except through the Commissary. Colonel White directed the bazar
servants to attend at his house on every occasion on which he summoned
them by an orderly. The Kotwal, taking no notice, was promptly
punished without any reference being made to the Commissary, Mr. Grant.
A report by Mr. Grant went up to the Commander-in-Chief, Lord
Cornwallis, who on the 1st October 1792 published a strong censure of
Colonel White’s conduct, and remarked that “ however painful it may be

to the Coniinandcr-in-Chief to take notice of the misconduct of officers
of the highest rank in the army, yet he feels it to be an indispensable
duty to take care that no rank or station shall protect a man from the
censure or punishment, merited by an attempt to counteract the regula-
tions, which are calculated to suppress abuses, which had long disgraced
the Bengal Army, and degraded the character of the principal officers/’
Lord Cornwallis went on to say that he had perused the report against
Colonel White with sentiments of the highest disappi’obation, and directed
him to pay a fine of one thousand rupees, which sum was to be presented
to the Kotwal of the bazar as compensation.

The Officers Commanding, who from 17952 onwards had charge of
the garrison, until in 1805 Fatehgarh ceased to be the headquarters of a
brigade, were all notable men, and reached high rank in the Army.
During this period the garrison attained its greatest limits. The civil
population increasing at a great rate, the number of residents made up
a bigger total than ever before, or afterwards.. The three visitors, who
left record of their stay at Fatehgarh between these years, were the
young Civilian, Thomas Twining, whose “Travels in India 100 years
ago ” is most entertaining work. Viscount Valentia, and Lieutenant John
Pester. Fester’s diary has been published under the title of “ War and
Sport in India,” It is intensely interesting for the latter part of the
period.”

Colonel Charles Morgan (17452-1819), like several of his
predecessoi*s, was transferred to the Bengal Army from a British
regiment, which in this case was the 5th Foot. Major Hodson gives his
services as Ensign in the 553rd Foot in 1759, then with the 5th Foot until
1765. After being dismissed and re-admitted to the Bengal Army,
he was Q. M. G. and contractor for boats, and going through the 1st
Mahratta War brought the Bengal detachment back from Bombay to
Cawnpore in 1782-84, after taking over command from Goddard. He
commanded the force assembled in 1797 to resist the advance of the
Afghans into the Punjab, a force to which the Fatehgarh garrison sent
a contingent. He retired in 1 8053, and died in Portland Place, London,
in 1819.

The great event of 1791 was the battle of Bitaiirah on the 2(1 th
October. Twining describes the eve of the Rohilla War. He arrived
at Fatehgarh by river with Sir Robert Abercrombie, the Commander-in-
Chief, who was supposed to be inspecting the Company’s stations up
country. Twining moved into a small bungalow, the verandah of which
directly overlooked the Ganges, and was on the site of No. 9. Here
one day he saw a European soldier, slowly swimming downstream in
order to commit suicide. After being royally entertained for a week,
the Commander-in- Chief without warning suddenly ordered mobilisation
for the Rohilla campaign. In a few days, on the 18th October, the
troops marched across the Ganges from the Fort ghat. Twining seeing
them off and saying good-bye to Captain Ramsay, who commanded the
cavalry force. The 10th, 12th, 14th, and 18th Battalions N. I., and
Captain Hardwicke’s Company from the 3rd artillery battalion, formed
the column together with the two regiments of cavalry under Ramsay.
Junction was made with the 2nd European Battalion and six others of
the Native Infantry from Cawnpore. The whole force advanced into
Rohilkhand until contact was made with the Rohilla Army at Bitaurah
in the Bareilly District. The column erected by order of the Governor-
General in Council, which marks the battle field and resting place of
the killed, can be seen from the train, as it proceeds towards Rampur
from Bareilly. In the small cemetery at that spot lie the remains of
the officers and men of the Fatehgarh Brigade, who lost their lives in
one of the hardest fought actions of the century.

A letter dated Camp Rampore, 26th October 1794,” printed in
the Calcutta Gazette, is worth reproducing for the vivid picture it gives
of the battle and the praise bestowed on the 18th Battalion from Fateh-
garh. Officers of the 7th Rajput Regiment will be no less interested in
the writer, who afterwards was known as Lieutenant-General Sir John
Macdonald, K. C. B. He raised the present 1st Battalion (then 15th
N. I.) of the 7th Rajput Regiment in 1798. He commanded the 2nd
European Regiment in the battle, having the 18th Battalion from Fateh-
garh on his left and the 13th Battalion on his right. All three
Battalions had great reputations, and were picked to form the Reserve.

He wrote as follows : — “ The whole line was ordered to be under arms
this morning, an hour before daylight ; the General and his Staff moved
to reconnoitre some miles in front ; they saw the enemy forming in full
force ; and after waiting some time to judge of the probable disposition
they would take, rode back to camp to direct the arrangement for action.
Our army moved forward in line, the art. in the intervals of corps, the
cav. on the right flank ; the charge of the enemy was most daring and
gallant, and it is utterly impossible it could have been surpassed : both
lines met and intermingled. The bayonet at length prevailed, and our
army pursued the enemy across the Doojoora rivulet. The enemy was
said to have consisted of 25,000 men, of which 4,000 were cav. who
directed all their efforts against the reserve, and made dreadful execution.
The number of the enemy killed was great. Our loss in European*
officers was very afflicting. Maj. Bolton commanded the 18th batt.
He was a remarkable large, powerful man. His batt. behaved with
a degree of steadiness which would have done credit to the most
disciplined corps in the world.”

“ The charge on the part of the enemy was particularly singular ;
they formed in line, infinitely l)cyond the extent of ours, in deep wedges,
supposed of 50 deep. When the signal for our advancing was given, we
moved in good order, slowly forward, at that time about 1,200 yards
from the enemy. They likewise moved towards us. When the lines
were within 500 yards of each other, Gholam Mahomed’s people scattered
individually, approached in that extraordinary manner, and contested
the point with our bayonets. They appeared to despise our musketry ;
and upon every discharge of art. embraced the ground, instantly rising
again and advancing to the charge : their arms were spears, matchlocks,
and swords ; which latter, they employed to destructive effect, and their
attack, as if by universal consent, was called the Highland Charge.”

The casualties were 14 British officers, and 600 rank and file.
Lieutenant Wells of the 14th, Lieutenant Cummings, and Major Bolton
of the 18th Battalion were killed. The 14th and 18th suffered heavy
losses, while the cavalry was cut to pieces. Twining describes the
distress in Fatehgarh, where the officers who were killed, had left

families. The disaster, too, which had caused these heavy losses, was
due to a Fatehgarh officer. At the commencement of the action Captain
Ramsay with his two cavalry regiments was ordered to take position on
the right of the Reserve, and in a line with the infantry. Without having
received any ordei*s he wheeled his cavalry to the left by half ranks.
By this faulty movement he led his men into the rear of the infantry.
The cavalry fell into disorder, and was charged in flank by the Rohilla
horsemen. Ramsay failed to rally his men, and indeed after the battle he
was charged with not having even attempted to do so. The line of the
13th Battalion was broken. In a very short time its Officer Commanding
and 4 other officers were killed. This Battalion had been at Fatehgarh
eight years before, and its commander, Captain Macleod, was known
there.

There was some sympathy felt for Ramsay in the camp. Letters to
Headquarters dwell upon his good services in all the campaigns under
General Goddard. The Commander-in-Chief received Ramsay’s resigna-
tion in December, but the Board would not accept it. In the hopes of
softening their hearts, Ramsay drafted a long essay on the subject of
improving the breed of horses in Oudh, which on the 26th January the
Board refused to consider at all, since it was hardly germane to the subject of
Ramsay’s misconduct ! Meanwhile on the 9th January the Commander-in-
Chief ordered Ramsay to l)e tried at Cawnpore. It is said that Ramsay
then absconded rather than face the court-martial. That of course is
true, but the records do not show that there was any hurry about it.
Ramsay just depai’ted quite openly, and it is very likely that the
authorities connived at his leaving the country. Major Hodson gives
the following inteiesting account of Ramsay’s after life. “ According
to one account, he afterwards entered the French service, and served
under Napoleon as a Commissariat Officer. Hickey, however, states that
two years after his escape from close arrest he was seen and recognised in
Scotland, where he was residing under an assumed name. Major Archer
writes — the officer who thus acquired a deathless infamy is still (December
1828) alive, and recently resided on the Continent. Thomas Edwards
(died 1815) stated he saw him at his residence near Brussels, but does

not give the date. He was living in or near Brussels with his family
from 1805 till 1816 or later.” Ramsay was a son-in-law of Samuel
Skardon, the Deputy Commissary of Ordnance, who is buried in the Fort
cemetery (see Chapter V). The tablet, now affixed to the cemetery wall,
records that the tomb was erected by him. In spite of Ramsay’s past
history, his son John Skardon Ramsay was allowed to enter the Bombay
Army in 1819.

After Colonel Morgan, one of the most famous officers of the Bengal
Army commanded at Fatehgarh in the person of Colonel William
Popliam (1740-1821). His services as given by Major Hodson are long
and varied. His capture of Gwalior by escalade is an exploit which
finds mention in every history book, and Fatehgarh could not have
obtained at any time a more distinguished commander than this brilliant
soldier. After starting as an Ensign in the 24th Foot in 1757, Popham
was transferred to the 64th (79th), and accompanied it to the siege and
capture of Manila in 1762. As Captain in the Iflth Foot he sold out in
1768. In the same year he entered the Indian service, obtaining the com-
mand in Cooch Behar after a few years. In the 1st Mahratta war he
commanded the 2nd N. 1. with the Bombay detachment under Goddard.
At the end of 1779 he was sent with a force to assist the Rana of Gohad
against the Mahrattas. Then followed the capture of Lahar Fort, the
storming of Gwalior, the campaign against the Rajah of Benares, the capture
of Bijaigarh in Central India, election as M.P. for Milborne Port, Somerset,
when on furlough from 1787-1790, and in the last year a defeat at the elec-
tion for Queensboro’. On return to India at the end of 1794 the appointment
to Fatehgarh was made. The only report by Popham was one describing
a very severe thunderstorm, which broke over the Station on the 15th
May 1795, causing a great deal of damage to the Cavalry Lines at Rakha
and blowing off the thatched roofs of the hospital and several bungalows.
The artillery barracks outside the Fort were built in his time. There
was some activity in repairing houses in Cantonments and Government
buildings. Meanwhile a very serious situation had come into being in
the garrison, of which Popham had made no report to the Commander-in-
Chief at all. Throughout the year 1795 the officers of the Bengal Army

were in a state of ferment in all the stations of Upper Bengal, the
discontent being most marked at Fatehgarh and Cawnpore. It was noted
by the Governor-General, Sir John Shore, that the officers of the Fateh-
garh garrison were the most violent in their sentiments. This episode of
1795-96, the outbreak of disputes in the Army which almost ended in a
mutiny, has been little noticed in histories of India, or where noticed it
has been exaggerated. The military records at the India office, so far as
Fatehgarh is concerned, give little indication of it. Popham’s reports in
1795 deal entirely with routine matters. Captain Bullock, in 1‘eviewing
Furber’s ‘‘ Private Record of an Indian Governor-Generalship ” in the
Statesman of the 8th October 1933, has drawn attention to this little
known chapter of army history ; and the book is worth reading, not only
for its general contents, but also because Fatehgarh is involved as being
the chief focus of discontent at the time.

Furber points out that in 1794 the Company’s officers had little
hope of rising to the higher ranks. Only out of about 1,000 infantry
officers could look forward to Held-officers’ nxnk. In addition, if the
officer was fortunate to survive he could only expect a small retiring
pension from Lord Clive’s fund. He had to resign his commission, if he
went to England. His pay, too, was slender. It will be remembered
that Major Whinyates only drew Rs. 450 monthly for being a Brigade
Staff Officer, and was greatly in debt. An officer in those days had to
add to his pay by allowances called hhatta, by receipts of Bazar money,
or payments by Cantonment shopkeepers, or by juggling with regimental
allowances and contracts, of which the less said the better. An added
source of ill-humour was created by friction with the officers of the King’s
troops, who out-ranked those of the Company of the same grade. Through-
out the year 1795 the East India Company debated on the necessity for
revising the regulations. The Bengal officers had their agents in England,
and there was no lack of insistence on the need for reform in speeding up
promotion and providing for furlough and better pay. Meanwhile the
Governor-General, Sir John Shore, had patiently to wait for the result of
the Company’s procrastination, and try to allay the bitter feeling aroused
by the Company’s tactics among the officers in India, who were also afraid

of being transferred in a body to the King’s Service without being
consulted. This had, in fact, been a serious proposal of the preceding
Governor-General, Lord Cornwallis, and when made public in the spring
of 1795, it only increased the existing discontent. At the end of 1795
no definite orders having arrived from England, the situation became
alarming.

In February 1796, Sir John Shore wrote to the President of the
Government Board of Control in England, who was more or less the then
Secretary of State for India, that the officers at Fatehgarh were more
unanimous in adopting violent resolutions than those at Cawnpore. He
wrote that “amongst other propositions which have been agitated are the
following. A resolution to throw off all allegiance to Govemment in
March, if the Regulations should not arrive by that time, and the seizure
of the Governor-General and Comniander-in-Chief, and to compel by
for<!C of arms all to join them, with many others equally treasonable. 1
am told that the first resolution was adopted at Futtygurh at a meeting
of fifty officers, with only two dissenting voices.” He gave his opinion
that he did not think the Fatehgarh officers were prepared to take over
command of the Army. He wrote, however, to the Governor of Madras
for reinforcements and to the Governor at the Cape. Sir Robert Aber-
cromby, the Commaiider-in-Chief was sent up country on the 20th January
1796 to assert Government’s authority, and his success at Cawnpore
damped the spirits of the complainants at Fatehgarh and other canton-
ments. It appeared that all the officers at Fatehgarh and the Infantry
officers at Cawnpore had drawn up a revolutionary constitution of Army
Committees to enforce their resolutions. The artillery officers at Calcutta,
however, refused to acquiesce, and there was a strong minority of dissen-
tients at Cawnpore. This lack of unanimity strengthened the Commander-
in-Chief’s hands. The army regulations appeared in the course of 1796,
and everything objectionable in them being altered by the Governor-
General on his own authority, peace was eventually restored. In 1796
at all events the Officer Commanding at Fatehgarh, Major-General Robeii;
Stuai't, was in close touch with the Governor-General, and he must have
done much to control the malcontents in the garrison ; for Popham had

gone by 1796, and in his place a Colonel W. Jones took over the com-
mand temporarily, until the arrival of the permanent commander. It was
probably during the change of command that the officers of the garrison
got out of control. The units then serving at Fatehgarh wei*e the 1st
Regiment of Cavalry ; two companies of the 3rd Battalion of Artillery ;
the 12th, 14th, 17th, and 21st Battalions of Native Infantry.

On the 3rd of October 1795 Colonel Popham and sixty-eight officers
at Fatehgarh sent a ‘‘Congratulatory Address to Warren Hastings Esqr.,
on his acquittal of the charges preferred against him by the Commons of
Great Britain” in the following terms :

Sir,

The officers and staff of that part of the Bengal Army at present
stationed at Futty Ghur would deem themselves deficient in gratitude
for the steady support afforded to their claims and the warm regai*d
invariably manifested for the honour and prosperity of the Army in
general, during your administration of British affairs in India, should
they not embrace the earliest opportunity of presenting to you their
sincere congratulations upon the honourable termination of the long
and rigorous scrutiny which has been instituted into your measures
and conduct during a govemment of thirteen years, and under the
constant pressure of multiplied difficulties and dangers.

While they testify their inexpressible satisfaction at the result of
an enquiry, which will transmit your name to posterity with deserved
and unfaded lustre, they cannot but feel a very particular self-
gratulation on finding their own sentiments of your wisdom, zeal and
important public services, confirmed by the almost unanimous verdict
of the most respectable tribunal upon earth, and the general voice of
the nation.

May you. Sir, long live in the enjoyment of your well-earned fame,
and in the perfect possession and further public exertion of those
eminent talents, which have acquired such extensive and i^ermanent
advantage to your country.”

Warren Hastings wrote a special letter of acknowledgement to Colonel
Popham ; and it appears from a letter which he sent to Major-General

Morgan, the Commandcr-in-Chief in Bengal, that he had received similar
addresses from all other military stations.

Popham came to the fore again in 1799, when the command of a
column, which went to Madras by sea in order to take part in the 4th
Mysore War, was given to him. This detachment from Bengal assisted
at the storming of Seringapatam, Popham being a Major-General com-
manding the Left Wing of the Army. Retirement came in 180tS, and
l\)pham died in York Street, London, in 1821.

Mention has already been made of the Captain Rawstorne of the 28th
Battalion in the Temporary Brigade, who witnessed the progress of Fateh-
garh from a camp of tents to a well arranged cantonment. In 1781
Rawstorne had been Commanding Officer for a short period, and he was
now to take up that appointment for a second time. In 1797 Rawstorne
was at Caw n pore with the 2nd Bengal European Regiment. On the 24th
June he arrived by river at Fatehgarh, and held the command until the
end of the year, when Major-General Robert Stuart relieved him. His
days were chiefly spent in building, and renewing the Lines. The cavalry
stables at Rakha had as usual to be patched up. The District was quiet,
and indigo plantei*s and traders, by penetrating to every part of it, were
creating a good deal of employment, which helped to bring about more
settled conditions. The military population of Cantonments was still
numerous. An address to the Commander-in-Chief, dated the 19th
February 1796, was signed by 49 officers and surgeons. Two years later
Major-General R. Stuart wrote to the Commander-in-Chief that the Indian
offi cel's and men of the garrison desired to contribute towards the main-
tenance of the war, then being waged by Great Britain in Europe. A
list of subscribers to the national funds for the prosecution of this war with
the French was published in the Asiatic Annual Register for 1799, and
in it will be found the names of all the military residents, many of whom
gave remarkably large sums. The rupee in 1799 was worth half a crown
in English currency, and its purchasing value also was far greatei than that
of the present day rupee. The account of the proceedings is as follows :

“ At a meeting of the Officers and Staff of the station of Futty Ghur,
assembled at the request of Major-General Stuart, on the 1st July 1798,

the officers assembled elected Major-General Stuart to be president of the
meeting, and Captain Alex. Orme to be secretary.

The meeting having taken into account the state of the mother

country, they further resolved, to the utmost of their

means, to give pecuniary aid to the national Government ; for which
purpose a subscription will be opened at the Brigade Major’s office (No. 2
Bungalow) , where gentlemen may subscribe in the manner most convenient
and agreeable to themselves.”

Major-General Robert Stuart headed the list with a munificent
donation of 8,000 sicca rupees. Major R. Frith, commanding the 1st
Regiment of Cavalry at Rakha gave 1,000 sicca rupees. , Lt.-Colonel R.
Rane, commanding the l/6th N. I., gave Rs. 1,500, and Major G. Wood,
commanding the other battalion of the 6th N.I gave Rs. 1 ,000. Captain
Orme, the Brigade Major, put himself down for Rs. 1,000. Forty-seven
other officers and two merchants, Laurence Paul and J. P. Bellow (or
Bellew) , gave amounts varying from Rs. 25 monthly to Rs. 1,000. The
total sum came to over Rs. 22,000.

The only troops, which left Fatehgarh in 1797, were those sent to
Lucknow to help the Resident, and the same detachment marched the
next year to Ranipur in Rohilkhand to help the Governor of that area to
quell some disturbances. In the last year of the century it looked as if
the Fatehgarh Brigade would again go on active service. Zaman Shah
of Kabul threatened to invade the Punjab. The nearest danger point for
the Nawab Vizier was Anupshahr on the Ganges, a place well known to
the Fatehgarh troops and well loathed by them. Concentration of all
available troops in this direction was ordered to meet the threat. An
army under Sir James Craig came up to Fatehgarh from Cawnpore, and
after taking with it the Fatehgarh Brigade marched to Anupshahr via
Kaimganj. The Army was accompanied by a Chaplain named Tennant,
who wrote a description of the march. Unfortunately he has nothing to
say about Fatehgarh, and its appearance in 1799. His observations on
the social habits of officers at Cawnpore apply, however, to Fatehgarh,
since there was the closest connection between the two places. Bungalows,
he notes, had much improved in comfort since 1788. Beef, mutton, and

poultry were being eaten, and dinner took place in the evening instead of
at 2 p. m., an hour which had necessarily entailed a long siesta after k.
Pester mentions that dinner at Fatehgarh in 1803 was in the evening.
Drinking and gaming up to the small hours were the only evening amuse-
ments. The same writer says that men sometimes took so much claret after
dinner that they were unable to join the ladies, and guests used to spend
the night in the bungalow of their host, either on the floor, or on sofas.

Among the pictures at Government House, Allahabad, writes Sir
Evan Cotton in an article called ‘‘ The Kidnapped Colonel ”, which was
published in the Siale.wian, there is a portrait of a certain Colonel Stewart.
This portrait formerly belonged to the famous Begum Somru of Sardhana,
near Meerut. The Colonel, whose name is rightly Robert Stuart (1744-
IHJ^O) , was the Officer Commanding Fatehgarh in 1796. In 1776 he
raised the 2lst Battalion for the Nawab Vizier, and just escaped being
stationed at Fatehgarh with the Temporary Brigade, the battalions of
which started with No. 22, It was in 1791, when serving on the frontier
at Anupshahr, that he was captured by a Sikh chief during an early
morning ride. His release was obtained through the Begum Somru, who
paid a ransom of Rs. 15,000 for him. which was refunded to her by
Government in 179J2, and the Governer-General sent her a letter of thanks
for her “laudable exertions”. Stuart was also at Fatehgarh from 1797
to 180J2. He retired the next yoar, and died at Annat Lodge, near Perth,
in 18J20.

The contribution of the Nawab Vizier of Oudh towards the main-
tenance of the Company’s troops in his territory was twenty-three lakhs
of rupees annually. Payment was long in arrears. In January 1801
Nawab Saadat Ali, unable to pay the vast sums which had accumulated
through the mismanagement of his predecessors, ceded the Gorakhpur
and Rohilkhand Divisions and the Duab to the East India Company, to
provide permanently for the cost of the Company’s troops in Oudh and
on its frontier at Fatehgarh. The local Nawab at Farrukhabad, Nasir-
i-Jang, also came to an arrangement with the Company, and by treaty
gave up sovereign rights over the district in return for a settled income.
These treaties entailed a change in the status of Fatehgarh, the Civil

Station of which was now bound to come into existence with the advent
of the Company’s officials. At the beginning of the nineteenth century,
therefore, Fatehgarh was concerned less with military operations, and
more with the establishment of an administration on the lines of the
older Bengal districts. In 1801, it is true, a detachment of troops went
to Bareilly to deal with mutinous Oudh troops, but otherwise for the
next year or two until the Mahratta War, the troops were engaged in
assisting the Civil Authorities to collect revenue from the unwilling
occupants of numerous mud forts, in territory now included in the Etah
and Etawah Districts, as well as the present District of Farrukhabad.
The country transferred by Nawab Saadat Ali was called the Ceded
Districts. Henry Wellesley, afterwards known as Lord Cowley, a
brother of the then Governor- General, was appointed Lieutenant-
Governor with his seat of administration at Bareilly. Fatehgarh
assumed some importance in the Governor-Generars estimation.
Undoubtedly the treaty with the Bangash Nawab, Nasir-i-Jang, which
had been concluded the year before, came under his consideration. A
great deal of trouble was created for Lord Wellesley, at any rate, by
allegations that he had oppressed the Nawab. Lord Wellesley had tried
at Lucknow to dislodge all European traders who were not the Company’s
servants, and drive them out of Oudh. They were mostly persons of
doubtful antecedents, bent on making a fortune. Their leader was an
adventurer named James Pauli with extensive business connections at
Lucknow. Pauli stood up to the Governor-General, and fought him
unavailingly. He never forgave Wellesley, and returning to England
bought a seat in Parliament in 1805. Pauli’s only work as a legislator
was to attempt to impeach Lord Wellesley of what he considered were
misdemeanours in his Indian administration. In one of the charges
relating to alleged bad treatment of Nawab Nasir-i-Jang, Fatehgarh
came in for considerable mention.

The fii*st official to set up his office in Fatehgarh was the acting
Agent to the Governor-General, who was invested with the powers of a
revenue and political Agent by Government Order of the ^nd June 1802.
Graeme Mercer, an Assistant Surgeon, was the first. He had perforce to

work in Cantonments, since there was no Civil Station then in existence.
There are indications in the earliest records that civil officials first set
up their residences at Kasim Bagh, and in the area now occupied by the
B. B. and C. I. Railway Quarters and Engine Shed. This area was
just outside Cantonments. It lay conveniently with reference to the
City, and speedy communication with the Nawab. In 1806 Mercer was
appointed Resident at Scindia’s Court. He retired in 1814, dying
twenty seven years later in Scotland.

The first year of Fatehgarh under the new regime was a disturbed
one. A severe famine raged throughout the district. The Mahrattas
were pouring over Etah and Mainpuri. A large body of them took up
a position in the Patiali jungles, from which they threatened an invasion
of Fatehgarh. Although the troops did not have to move out, Major-
General Ware was alert. Mr. Grant, the first Magistrate, attempted
to round up these stray Mahrattas at Patiali. Operations were not
successful, but the Mahrattas were frightened, and the object of keeping
them away from Farrukhabad territory was gained. In the midst
of these pre-occupations, Mr. Gi*ant had to receive at his house a
distinguished tourist in the person of Viscount Valentia, who descended
upon him from Lucknow. Lord Valentia ’s experiences were described
in a work called “Travels in India,” which appeared in 1806. It is a
work which gives a good deal of information about places other than
Fatehgarh. The City of Farrukhabad is praised for its fine trees and
gardens, but no description of the Cantonment is given, and there is no
clue to enable a guess being made at the situation of Mr. Grant’s
bungalow. All that Lord Valentia says is that “ by seven I reached
my friend Mr. Grant, who is Judge of the district. Mr. Webb
(2/lOth N. I.) by directions of Major-General Ware pitched our tents
close to the garden fence.” Grant appears to have been a most efficient
officer, and a very popular man. Lord Valentia thought very highly of
him, as did the second Agent to the Governor-General, Claud Russell.
His death in 1804 was a great loss to the administration.

Lieutenant John Pester (1778-1856) l/2nd N. I., the author of the
diary published in 1913 under the title “ War and Sport in India ” went

on leave to Fatehgarh in 1803, 1804 and 1805, for several visits to his
friends there. Pester eventually became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 13th
N. I,, and retired in 18S6 after serving through the JJnd and 3rd Mahratta
Wars. He died at Millbrook, near Southampton, in 1856. He came
to the Station first on the 25th May 1803, staying with his fx*iend
Wemyss (James Wemyss, B. C. S. Register or Assistant to the Judge),
who took him to the theatre at 10 p. m. to see a play jjerfornied by
gentlemen, which proved to be ‘‘ She Stoops to Conquer.” On this
visit he called on General Ware, but no hint is given as to wherc exactly
in Cantonments the General lived. His next visit was on the 12th July
1804 on his way from Gwalior to Bareilly. This time he stayed with his
friend Christie (Captain 2nd N. I. Brigade-Major at Fatehgarh), for
Wemyss had been transferred to Cawnpore. Christie’s bungalow was
on the banks of the Ganges. This description unfortunately is too vague
to allow of any identificafion. He writes, Sent immediately for some
cloth and purchased a sufficiency to make a dozen suits. Employed all
the tailors that could be found. The weather very cool, and the old
Ganges afforded a very gratifying sight.” The third visit was on the
16th June 1805, this time on sick leave from Agra to Bareilly. He
stayed till the 21st. On the 17th he writes, “ Breakfasted and dined
to-day at Baton’s (Assistant Magistrate). Met there an old acquaintance
of mine, Mrs. B. a nice little widow with a lac of rupees.” The following
day he called on Captain Christie’s widow, “ who I had not seen since
the death of my poor friend Christie ; my having been in continual habits
of friendship with Christie, recalled past events to her remembrance, and
she appeared much distressed at first.” He dined with the Commanding
Officer, Colonel Richard Macan, and also with the officers of the 27th
Light Dragoons, at Rakha Cantonment.

Seven battalions were raised at Fatehgarh in the years 1803 and
1804. Details of them are given in Appendix 11. A letter, dated the
5th June 1804, sent by a Fatehgarh correspondent to the Calcutta
Gazette^ describes the kind of ceremony, which was observed when the
newly raised corps were deemed to be perfectly formed, and worthy of
receiving their colours : “ Yesterday, the anniversary of His Majesty’s

Hirthday, ’ says the writer, “the 22iui Regiment Native Infantry received
their colours fi*om the hands of Lieutenant-Colonel Kyan, Commanding the
Regiment and Station ; the Regiment paraded a little before sunset, in
full uniform, when Lieutenant-Colonel Kyan took jmst in front of the
centi-e of the Corps, and presented the colours of each Battalion to Major
Ralph and Captain Pryor, the Officers Commanding. The ceremony of
receiving and saluting the colours l)eing over, each Battalion fired three
vollies in honour of the birthday of our gracious Sovereign, which were
j)erfortned remarkably well, and with the greatest steadiness. This new
(’orpvS, so lately levied, made a very respectable appearance, and were
exti*eniely steady under arms. In the evening an elegant entertainment
was given by Licutcnant-(’oloneI Kyan, and many loyal and appropriate
toasts were drunk.’' The 1st Battalion of this regiment, which received
its first colours that day on the Fatehgarh parade ground, is still in
existence. It is now known as the 1st RoyaPllattalion (Light Infantry)
9th Jat Regiment.

(’olonel Macan (died IHL^) was the last Brigade Commander of
Fatehgarh, for after 1805 Fatehgarh cea.sod to \yc headi{uartci*s of a
brigade, and the garrison was usually one battalion of infantry only.
Cornet in 177!3, he became a Major General in 1808. He died at sea
in 1812 of fever bidween Calcutta and St. Helena. In 1781 he was
transferred from the British Army to the Comj)any’s service. He
commanded the 9rd Cavalry Brigade in the 2nd Mahratta War, and
t(K)k part in all the campaigns of Loixls ( ornwallis and Lake. Pester
says of his dinner with Colonel Macan, “ Dined with Colonel Macan this
evening (l8th June). Drank more wine than usual, but retired early
leaving a very large party, who seemed all disposed to do justice to the
Colonel’s excellent claret ”! It would seem that the traditions of the
Officer Commanding the Fatehgarh Brigade were being worthily main-
tained by the last of them in good eighteenth century fashion. It is a
matter for regret that no one can now say w^hereabouts in Fatehgarh
these convivial meetings took place. The greater part of the troops
departed with Colonel Macan in 1805. Rakha Cantonment was wholly
deserted. The infantry barracks, which were not needed, were gradually

pulled down. Only the lines to the west of the Mall Road were left.
1'he avenues of nim ti-ees on the edge of the parade ground mark their
site exactly, and they remained in existence down to the Mutiny. On the
eastern side of the Mall Road, bungalows tpiickly arose as soon as the
old huts could be cleai*cd away. It is known that No. JiO Bungalow was
built first of all. It was occupied by the Judge Magistrate of the District
for many years to come,

CHAPTER II.

THE SUDDER STATION.

JIXHE cession of the District by the Nawab of Farriikhabad to the
East India Company took place on the 4th June 180^2, and the
first British officials in the shape of a Judge Magistrate arrived the
following March. Hy 1806 the civil establishment was complete, there
l)eing a Collector, a Register or Assistant to the Judge, a Ch.aplain and a
Civil Surgeon in addition to the Judge, who took up also all political
work in connection with the semi*indej)endent Nawab in the City, and
was called Agent to the Covernor-General in this capacity. Fatehgarh
was now termed a “ Sudder Station ”, since it possessed all necessary civil
officials. It retained its military, importance during the Jind Mahratta
War; but after 1806 the Station was commanded by the Officer
Commanding the battalion of Native Infantry, which happened to be
stationed in Fatehgarh at the time. The usual garrison was one regiment
of sepoys, one company of artillery, and a bodyguard for the Comniis-
sionei’s of the ceded Provinces. The two last named units disappeared by
18JiO, and occasionally there appeared s|)ccial corps, generally irregular
ill formation, which will lx* noticed in their place. The civil population
of Cantonments, however, continued to grow. Indigo planters, cotton
merchants and traders took over the bungalows vacated by military
officers. The major part of the Infantry Lines had been pulled down.
The space was covered by new houses, which are represented now by
Bungalows Nos. 15 to ‘iO. The present Civil Lines came into being and
the Cantonment was linked up with Rakha. Rakha was abandoned to
cultivators. The old military bazar became Fatehgarh Town. The area
immediately in front of the Fort gates was so densely populated, as to
threaten the forming of another town. The Strand Road was still the
chief thoroughfare ; but the Trunk Road, which formerly in the
eighteenth century had only been the main road of the Infantry Lines,
now became a residential (juarter. Notwithstanding these alterations,

the general appearance of Fatehgarh Cantonment was like that of any
large village to-day. Before 18B6 there were no metalled roads. The
Station was traversed by lanes, just wide enough to allow two carriages to
pass, seamed with ruts, ankle deep in dust, and after rain impassible
from mud and water. Compounds were very small, each l)eing surround-
ed by high mud walls, which contained thatched bungalows resembling
haystacks, or beehives, according to a contemporary visitor. It seeiiis
from the records to have been difficult to walk along the roads. The
residents transported themselves from house to house, either in palanquins,
or in two-wheeled buggies. The roads, too, were infested by stray dogs,
and the frequency of mad dogs was a menace, which gave rise to constant
complaint. Up to 1815 the Magistrate gave notice twice a year that on
a certain date parties would be sent out to shoot all stray dogs. In 1840
the Joint Magistrate had to obtain the (Commissioner’s sanction to destroy
them. Five years later the Station Staff Officer complained of their
numl>ers in Cantonments, and two annas a head had to be offered for
their destruction. By 1840 the Station had much improved in appearance.
Metalled roads and more permanent houses of brick and masonry, with
flat roofs, called kothis, had come into existence, and Fatehgarh began to
assume its modern aspect.

The large numbers of })ensioners, clerks, and traders, who came
between 1803 and 1818, together with the indigo planters of the District,
who desired to have town residences, made the housing problem difficult.
There was also a considerable Eurasian population, descended from officci*s
of the Temporary Brigade and their Mohainedan wives, who occupied a
great many bungalows on the site of the present Maude Lines, and in the
Civil Station between the Post Office Hoad and Machli Tola. Some
residents of an undesirable type were in the habit of living in tents,
which they pitched in odd places. The most scandalous case was that of
an ex-officer of the 34th N. I., who had to leave his regiment with
a constitution bi'oken by hard drinking. He obtained the post of overseer
in an indigo factory on Rs. 300 a month, but was dismissed for drinking
in a few weeks. He pitched his tent under a tree near Kasim Bagh.
His old servant drew his small pension, and expended part on toddy,

which he used to serve out in rations to his master. On one occasion
after a lapse of 43 hours, the latter failed to appear from his tent. His
body was discovered in it, eaten by ants.

There is no exact evidence of the number of houses during the
[)eriod of the Temporary Brigade. In 18^9 a memorial was addressed
to Govemment by the civilian residents of Cantonments, which
gives some indication of the size of the place in that year. The
cause c)f the memorial was a station order, dated the 15th October
1829, issued by Captain Buckley, 70th N. I., (1786-1853. Died
at Bareilly when commanding the Kohilkhand District). It appears
that there was a military court functioning at the time, called the Court
of Request , in which the Officer Command itig took cognisance of claims
against European residents. Captain Buckley laid down that all civilians,
failing to appear before this court when required, would be ejected from
Cantonments. This order protluccd an agitation, which resulted in the
drawing up of the memorial. It was shown by the petitioners that in 1829
there were 70 houses in Cantonments, and 30 outside. The military
population was only 8 to 10 officers of the regular regiment, 2 belonging
to the Provincial Battalion, and 3 staff officers, 15 in all at the most.
When the number of troops decreased in 1806, military officers sold their
bungalows to indigo planters and cotton merchants. Houses occupied by
owners were not affected ; but the tenants of numerous other houses were
ejected without notice by officers, who took a fancy to their residences.
The Officer Commanding and several other officers were actually living in
the Civil Lines. One Euro^Xian clerk had been compelled successively
within three weeks to vacate two houses, which he had taken on rent at
opposite ends of Fatehgarh. In 1820 Mr. Charter's bungalow' in Can-
tonments was occupied by a clerk, named Hoskins. Captain Hawthorne,
llth N. I., (1789-1853, Lieut.-Col. ,32nd N. I.), demanded it for himself.
Hoskins refused to leave, even at the order of Sir Edward Colebrooke,
the Commissioner, in whose office he was working, and treated Captain
Hawthorne to much personal abuse. The latter retaliated by going to
the bungalow with his servants, and throwing Hoskin's furniture on to
the road, while he was at office. Hoskins appealed to Government, but

41 )

obtained no redress, nor did the memorialists of 1829 fare any better.
Nothing was done, and military and civilian residents lived where they
liked. The Officer Commanding refused to move from the compound to
the south of the present Collector’s house.

The memorial also discloses that the executive officer in Cantonments
at this date was the Station Staff Officer, who was usually the Adjutant of
the Provincial Battalion. There was certainly a Cantonment clerk in 1846 ;
for in that year he was dismissed, and in 1858 there is definite mention of
a Cantonment Magistrate. Executive orders affecting the station were
issued by the Officer Commanding. A warrant officer on the Town Major’s
list looked after the Cantonment bazars. There was a Barrack Master in
charge of military works. He was styled locally Kot Sahib Captan,”
and api)ears to have been distinct from the “ Kot Master,” who lived
betw'een bungalows Nos. 7 and 9; for both appear in the same list. Kot
Master was probably Quartermaster ; while one suggestion for the
derivation of Kot Sahib is that it refers to the officer-ln-charge of
“ kothis,” or Barrack Master. There seems to have been a Barrack
Master from the earliest period. In 1795 he was a Major Pringle. He
was guided by a Committee of Survey, which met to inspect large works,
and report on the condition of Government buildings annually. The
members of the Committee were selected from the local garrison ; c. //. in
1816 Major Stark, Horse Artillery, was President, and Lieutenants
Thompson and Gairdner, 10th N. I., were memlxjrs.

A list of the regiments stationed at Fatehgarh after 1806 will Ikj
found in Appendix I. Several of the Commanding Officers and special
units are of interest. In 1806 the Farrukhabad Provincial Battalion was
disbanded for the time being. This battalion grew out of an irregular
force known as a ” Sebundy Corps.” There was one in Fatehgarh in
1808. The Sebundy Corps was a kind of militia, which garrisoned forts,
and performed revenue and police tluties at a time when the regular troops
were away on active service. During the 2nd Mahratta War Fatehgarh
was denuded of troops, and there Ijeing no trained police force, the
Sebundy Corps was raised to aid the Civil Authorities. The name was
changed in 1805 to that of the Farrukhabad Provincial Battalion; and

the corps was disbanded in the following year when troops on service
returned to their cantonments. The lii'st commander was Captain R. Bowie,
who was Ensign in 177H, and later Captain of the 10th N. 1. He served
in the 2nd, 5rd and 4th Mysore Wars, dying at Agra in 1814. He was
succeeded by Lieutenant A. Oliver, 4th N. 1.

During the Nepal War the Famikhabad Provincial Battalion was
re-raised in 1815. The list of its commanders is as follows : —

1. Lieut. -Col. IV. Cuppage. — He entered the service in 1781,

Served in the 4th Mysore War. Invalided in 1815. Died
unmarried at Fatehgarh in 1819, aged 58.

2. Ltcnt.-CoL Donat V. Kerin — Commanded the battalion from

1820 to 1822. Born 1758. Died at Patna in 182B.

8. Lieut.-Col.C. //. Haines. — Commanding 1822 to 1824. Born
1788. Died 1844. Arrived in India 1799, and served in
the 2nd Mahratta and Nepal Wars.

4. Lieut.-Col. G. Ilickman, {17fjS-lS^^8).---]nyn\idcd from the

1/lstN. I. in 1818. Suix^rintendent of Invalids at Chit-
His two sons were Army officers. Died at
Fatehgarh, and has the largest monument in the Fort
cemetery.

5. Lkut-Col. C. Poole, {17 77-1843). N. I. Invalided in

1828. Presentatthecaptiireof Java in 1811. Commanded
the battalion until it was disbanded in 1881. He
continued to reside at Fatehgarh for another three years,
and Ixicame Commandant of Chunar in 1839. He died
there.

Tiiirteen Provincial Battalions came into l>eing, and the local one
was the ninth. It was not strictly speaking part of the regular army ;
but in Cantonments it was considered to be under the Officer Commanding
the regular regiment. This situation arose, because at Fatehgarh the
Station Staff Officer was the Adjutant of the Provincial Battalion. The
state for Decemlier 1880 shows that there were on civil duties within the
District 1 Subedar, 2 Jemadars, 16 Havildars, 21 Naiks, and 803 Sepoys.
In addition, thei*e wei-e 214 ranks on civil duty in Mainpuri and Aligarh.

The i*est were in the Lines, or absent on leave. The total wtvs 7 Subedars.
11 Jemadars, Havildars, 46 Naiks, 9 Drummers, aii<l 681 Sepoys. The
Adjutant was Lieutenant Duncan (1805-187^^). This officer’s father was
General Alex, Duncan (1780-1859), whose marriage took place at
Fatehgarh in 1802, wlien he was Adjutant of the 2/2nd N. L In 1806 he
was Brigade- Major at Fatehgarh, and his son was probably born in
Cantonments. Guards were furnished for the Treasury and Cutcherry,
Escorts were provided for undertrial prisonei*s going from the Jail to the
Courts. The sepoys were also employed in helping to collect land revenue.
One detachment was stationed in Farrukhabad City in 1827 to keep oixler.
Another was sent to Kaimganj as a result of fights l)etween the Pnthans
and Banyas. Just before the disbandment in 1881 the Magistrate
reported that the men of this battalion had been assuming an unwarranted
authority ; and created more s(piabbles than they prevented. There were
usually not more than two British officei’s serving at any time with the
battalion. It was replaced by barkandazes on Ks. 4 a month.

Lieut.-Colonel Samuel Palmer, (1762-1814), was commanding in
1808-9. He commanded the 11 th N. L, and arrived in India in 1779.
He served through the 2nd Mahratta War, capture of Gohad in 1806,
capture of Kalinjar 1812, and after commanding at Aligarh in 1818-14
died at Calcutta. He is referred to in several old records. His successor,
Lieut.-Colonel Jacob Vanrenan, (1762-1828), was equally resj^KJcted, and
left his mark on Cantonments for many years. A regimental bazar was
laid out in his time, a fragment of which still exists as the B. L, or Orderly
Bazar. From 1810 until the Mutiny of 1857 its name, however, was
Vanrenan Ganj.

Vanrenan was the son of Daniel van Renan of the Cape. His mother
also wjis of Dutch extraction. He had a long and varied service of 46
years in India, and was absent for only nine months on sick leave to the
Cape. On the 8lh February 1828 he died on board a boat on the Ganges
near Cawnporc. The place of burial is not known. He started as a cadet
in 1780, and was a Lieutenant in the 20th Battalion of Sepoys in 1787,
when that battalion was in the 4th Brigade at Fatehgarh. He was at the
battle of Bitaurah in 1794, his battalion being then in the Cawnpore

briga<le. He saw active service in the 2ii(l Mahratta War, Buiulelkhaiul
lH(hS, Gwalior 1804, and again in Bundelkhand 1809. After leaving
Fatehgarh in 1811-12 he was present at the siege of Hathras 1817, in
which he cominaTided the 4th Infantry Brigade. From 1820 till his death
he was commanding as Brigadier-General in Rohilkhand.

The tomb of Mrs. Eliza Gamon in the Fort cemetery recalls the name
of her father, Lieiit.-Colonel Francis Rutledge (lTbO-1817), who followed
Vanrenan. He sailed for India in 1778, and rose to the rank of Lieut.-
('olonel of the 1 /8rd N. I. in 1805. He served through the operations
in Bundelkhand 1809. His death occurred at Barrackpore, and his tomb
is to l)e seen in the cemetc*ry at that place. A sale deed of the year 181.‘1
transliterates his name into Urdu as “Aylcch’’!

At this epoch the C’ustom Records point to active progress in trade.
The influx of traders and indigo planters was commencing, which rose to
its height almut 1885. The*City had become an emporium of trade for
the Up|)er Provinces, the Ganges forming a natural highway for fleets of
boats transporting merchandise. John Deane of the Board of Commissioners
paid a visit to Fatehgarh in 1809 in the course of his tour of inspection,
and Mrs. Deane has left some account, which unfortunately is very
incomplete on the subject of Fatehgarh. She remarks that Farrukhabad
was one of the Ixist places for buying Kashmir shawls, and a fine cloth for
neckcloths, called chandelly, which came from the Mahratta country. The
Deanes appear to have stayed in ('antonments, and on their departure had
a lucky escape. Their hosts had come out of the bungalow to see the
Deanes off in their palanquins, when a flash of lightning struck the dining
room. The house being a thatched one, caught on fire, and was burnt
to the ground in a few hours. This accident is not mentioned in the
records, but houses are stated to have been struck by lightning in 1807,
and in 1812. In the latter year it was No. 20 Bungalow, which suffered in
this manner. The Deanes sailed from Fatehgarh with six boats comprising
one called a budgerow to sleep in, a pinnace to eat in, a boat fitted up
as a kitchen, one for poultry, sheep and stores, one for servants and
luggage, and a sixth for washing in. The description of the sixth boat
is vague. The journey to Cawnpore took four days in September. 'Phe

first stage was Singhirampur, or with luck near to the junction of the
Ramganga. Daipur was the second stage, and Bithur the third.

Lieut.-Colonel C. Crawford (1T60-1 830), had not long Ix’cn Command-
ii\g Officer, when he was apfwinted Surveyor-General. He retired in 1818,
and died in Herefordshire. Lieut.- Colonel W. Bedell (1704-18Ji9), later
commanded the Dacca Provincial Battalion, and died at Dacca. Lieut-
Colonel Bedell’s command ceased at Fatehgarh on the outbreak of the
Nepal War, when there was some considerable military activity in the
Station. The Governor-General, the Mar<juis of Hastings, stayed more
than five months in a house on the site of the present Engine Shed in the
Railway Lines, in order to be near the scene of ojxrations, and the Fort
was put in repair. Amongst many regiments passing through to reach
the Advanced Base at Sitapur was the Ji/lOth N. L under Lieut. -Colonel
Voyle. On the day the regiment arrived at Sitapur it was ordered back
to Fatehgarh. No sooner had it settled in than oi*ders came to hurry to
Sitapur again, and proceed on active service. When within a march of
that place, Cglonel Voyle was informed that ixace had been declared, and
his regiment was to return to Fatehgarh and be disbanded.

The Gun (^irriage Factory had started work in the Fort a year
previously. In 1815 the Clothing Agency was in progress. 'Lhe establish-
ment of both these factories meant an increase of population to Cantonments;
and they became an integral part of the history of Fatehgarh, lasting in
the former case down to the end of the nineteenth century.

During the 3rd Mahratta War there w'ere no regular troops at
Fatehgarh. The Dromedary Corps probably never was in the station,
although for official purposes it was recorded so. It was raised in 1815.
and disbanded in 18J<il. The Fatehgarh Levy made its appearance, and
still exists as the 9th Gurkha Rifles. The Nassiri Battalions were also
Gurkha Rifles. They ai*e twice mentioned in memorial inscriptions in the
Fort cemetery. The 2nd Recruit Depot Battalion, part of the garrison
for the year 18f39, was another odd formation, which requires some
explanation. At the beginning of the 1st Afghan War two such battalions
were formed by G. O. 8th September 1838 at Karnal and Meerut, each
of which was to feed six regiments of Native Infantry on active service.

These two (lef)ots were transferred to Aligarh in 1839, and in the same
year a second de|>ot came into being at Fatehgarh under Major Earle.

For the better supervision of the Nepal War, the Governor-General,
who was then the Manpiis of Hastings, fixed his headquartei’s at Fatehgarh
during the hot weather of 1815, and the despatches relating to the war
were written here. The Marquis kept a daily diary, which has since been
published. In relating his many activities he has fortunately given more
<le.script\on of the Station than other contemporary visitors have troubled
to do. He arrived on the lOth March with a numerous suite, the important
rnendjers of which were the Military Secretary, the Pei*sian Interpreter,
eight aides-de-camp, three supernumerary ones, a doctor, and a chaplain.
The last march was from Sakwaionthe Mainpuri Koad,forthe Governor-
General came from Mainpuri, via Madanpur, and passing the area, where
now stands the (’entral Jail, he crossed the old Hakha C'antonment and
the Civil Lines in order to reach his camp, which was pitched on the
parade ground by the present Victoria Memorial. The days were already
too lu)t for living in tents, and the same evening a move was made to the
(collector’s house. Mr. Donnithome, the (bilector, had not long before
built this residence on the space now occupied by the Engine Sheds
of the H. H. h (’. I. Railway. For more than five months, up to the
iiJ^nd August following, the Govrernment of the country was directed from
this spot.

Many levees were held. Breakfasts werj given to distinguished
visitors, like the young Nawab of Farrukhabnd, and the Vizier of Oudh’s
son. The 4th June was then the King’s birthday, and celebrations had
to Ixj cancelled owing to the hot winds. In the evening, however, the
troops fired a feu dc joic on the [)arade ground. Tlie Prince Regent’s
birthday fell on the IJ^th August. An entertainment was given to the
residents of the Station. The garden was illuminated by fifty thousand
lamj)8, and after a (lisplay of fireworks sup|)er closed the day. The
Marquis wrote in his diary that luckily the evening was cool. At daybreak
on the ^i^2nd August the MarquLs sailed for Cawnpore down the Ganges.
‘^Finally”, he wrote, “we embarked in our boats, leaving with regret a
number of individuals, from whom we have i*eceived the most unremittingly

PG 154 /^t

polite attentions.” His i*egi*et was probably exceeded by the delight of
the Collector in getting back into his own house after five months' dis-
possession !

After the Marquis of Hastings no high dignitary visited the Station
for over twelve yeai*s. In December 1827 the Commander-in Chief, Lord
(yombermere, arrived with his camp on a tour of inspection. Although
Rakha Cavalry Cantonment Imd been abandoned for many ycai*s, it was
still the locality chosen for camps of various troops, which made no
lengthy stay. The 3rd Irregular Horse, known as Baddeley’s Hoi’se, was
encamped on the race course, which can still roughly be traced at Rakha.
Edward Picard, or Pacard, of Bush, Packard & Co., an indigo manufac-
turing concern at Mehndi Ghat, near Kanauj, was probably a local
Lieutenant in this corps in 1819. Picard had a close connection with
Fatehgarh from 1830 onwards, and was also established at Bareilly.

The 3rd Irregular Hoise were reviewed on the parade ground. The
regiment was dressed in Mussalman costume, and had a few British
officei's. The troopers gave an exhibition of tent-pegging. They fired
their matchlocks in the air, the bullets whizzing over the heads of the
spectators, and putting them to flight. A year later the corps was
disbanded. After noting this review Lord Comlxjrmere’s A.-l).-C. goes
on to record some interesting details of the Station. He also says that
Farrukhabad was famous for Kashmir shawls, and adds that puttoo cloth
and precious stones were well-known commodities of the bazar. The
neighbourhood was renowned for potatoes even at that early date. Land
in the vicinity of the Cantonment bore excellent vegetables, and was let
at Rs. 8 a bigha. Fatehgarh itself was very healthy, and the residents
were loud in its praises.

Lord Comberrnere’s A.-D.-C. was a Major E. C. Archer, whose
remarks on Fatehgarh will be found in his two- volume book called
“ Tours in Upper India,” which appeared in 1833. His daughter Ls better
remembered. She was the author of one of the very l^est accounts of life
in India that has ever Ixjen printed, Mrs. Fanny Parks, to call her by
her married name, was the wife of C C. Parks of the Bengal Civil
Service (India 1817 to 1846). In 18.32 Parks was Collector of Customs

at Allahabad. From that place his wife canded out her voyages on the
Ganges and Jumna in a small yacht, visiting all places of interest, and
including Kanauj and Fatehgarh on two occasions in 1805 and 1838, des-
criptions of which fill the pages of her book “ The Wanderings of a
Pilgrim.” Mrs. Parks was related to Mr. Swetenham, the Judge of
Farrukhabad District from 1835 to 1841. Although she has little to say
about the general appearance of Fatehgarh, there are in her book many
interesting comments on local topics to which reference will be made in
other chapters.

The Hon’ble Emily Eden passed through in 1838 with the Governor-
Genernrs camp. She is even more disappointing on the subject of
Fatehgarh’s appearance ; for she gives no topographical details at all in
her letters, which were subsequently published in I860 under the title of
‘‘Up the Country.” She was most impressed by the eccentric Civil
Surgeon, Dr. Goss. She had weird ideas as to the geographical position
of Fatehgarh, which she thought was thirty miles from Gwalior. She was
amused by the uniform of an escort of Irregular Cavalry, which under the
command of two British officers joined the camp. Officers and men wore
green velvet tunics, red satin trousers, tucked into white leather boots ;
while the faces of all were garnished with long beards. As they had no
collars to their tunics, their bare necks and long beards gave them a comic
appearance.

Official records, however, show that by 1838 the Cantonment had
Ixion much improved. Hoads like the Mall Road, and those leading to
Bewar and Gursahaiganj, were being metalled. Avenues of trees had
been planted along the roads to the City and Ghatia Ghat. Hakim
Mehdi Ali’s house (the Indian Military Hospital), the Theatre, the
Church, the present residence of the Collector, Martin’s house on the river
bank, and that containing the District Courts, where now the Railway
Engine Shed stands, were all substantial buildings, giving an air of
permanency to the Station. With one or two exceptions the houses of
the residents, however, remained thatched bungalows with mud walls,
small in size, and insignificant in extent. A few scattered allusions in the
records seem to indicate that the occupiers kept up flower gardens around

their houses, and compound walls were carefully maintained. By 1835
it may be said that Fatehgarh had taken on its present appearance, and
this year has been taken as a convenient one for compiling a sketch map
of the Station, which will be found at the end of this memoir. Much in-
formation has been obtained from the lists compiled for the settlement of
Land Revenue in 1833. The Registrar’s office, too, is rich in deeds of
sale and mortgage of houses at this period ; whilst lastly an excellent
history of the Farrukhabad District appeared in ! 846, which although it
gives far too few details about Fatehgarh itself, has appended at the end
a rough sketch map of the Cantonment and Civil Lines. This account is
called the ** Fatehgarh-nama of Babu Kale Rai,” and copies ai’e still to
be found in the possession of old families of the District. Another local
history in Urdu was written by Mufti Wali Ullah in 1830 ; but unfortu-
nately it contains no topographical description of Fatehgarh, and scarcely
mentions the place at all. The memoir of the Bangash Nawabs of
Farrukhabad, compiled by C. W. Irvine, 1. C. S., a Joint Magistrate and
officiating Collector of the District, and published in the Jqxtrnal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1878, has nothing to tell about Fatehgai’h.
The most valuable contemporary document is undoubtedly the diary of
Nawab Doolah, the husband of the celebrated Nawab Jaffri Begum of
Shamsabad, Nawab Doolah wrote a copious daily account of his life in
Persian, which incidentally recounts his visits to Fatehgarh, and the calls
which he paid on the various officers of the Station between 1830 and
1852, Most unfortunately only one volume has survived. It is at
present preserved by Nawab Ladle Sahib at Shamsabad.

The disturbances over the mutiny of the Baiza Bai’s troops at
Barhpur broke the quiet of 1835. An account of them has been given
in a separate chapter. With this exception, however, nothing occurred
at Fatehgarh to interfere with the daily routine down to the Mutiny of
1857. The Cantonment and Civil Station, inhabited now largely by
Europeans and Eurasians, who were permanently domiciled in the place,
were monotonously calm. Fatehgarh speedily became a backwater,
yielding place in importance to surrounding districts. Babu Kale Rai
narrates a few outstanding events, which struck him as peculiarly impor-

tant, and so wete chronicled in the Fatehgarfi-iMinia. In 1840, he says,
the earth opened in Pargana Arnritpur. A light issued, and a statue of
Shiv appeared, which was worshipped by the cultivators. In 1841 the
Nawab's foi-t in Fari*ukhabad was struck by lightning. The nett year a
great fii'e broke out in the City, which caused damage to the amount of
two lakhs of rupees. On the ^Ist March 1848 an unprecedented incident
took place at Goshain, a hamlet of Pachaur in Pargana Tirwa. Lumps of
meat, containing no bones, and each about two maunds in weight, rained
down from the sky upon the fortunate inhabitants I On the 13th to 16th
June 1846 a battery of artillery came down the new Grand Trunk Road
from Lahore, an event which apparently was regarded as being no less
supernatural. Despite the prohibition of the custom of performing suttee,
the practice lingered on in Fatchgarh after 1829, the year when these
rites were made illegal. In 1832 a widow was burnt to death in front of
an immense crowd of 10,000 persons. The manager of the ceremony was
sentenced to imprisonment for two years. Seven years later another big
suttee was performed near Cantonments. This time two pei*sons were
arrested, and received five yeai*s’ imprisonment each.

The palmy days of Fatehgarh as a Sudder Station wei’e undoubtedly
about 1835, just before the great famine, which two years later swept
over the country, and brought great misery in its train. Perhaps the
event which more than any other changed the face of the Station,
sharply dividing the old Fatehgarh from the new, was the metalling of
the Trunk Road. This is the raad to Rohilkhand, which passing
through Fatehgarh Town bazar, sweeps round the parade ground, and
stops at the Ganges by the Ghatia Ghat ferry. It joins the Grand Trunk
Road at Gursohaiganj, and is often wrongly called by the same name. At all
periods this road has been the main Cantonment thoroughfare. The fine
nim trees, which stand upon the edge of the parade ground on the
western side, indicate the exact site of one side of the old Infantry Lines.
The infantry corps of the Temporary Brigade wei*e packed into thatched
barracks of mud, which ran in short parallel lines, each line end on to
the road, and on both sides of it, throughout the length of the parade
ground up to the Sudder Bazar, which in the eighteenth century was of

modest dimensions. It was undoubtedly to this road that Lonl Valentia
referred in the account of his visit to Fatehgarh in 1803. He had come
from Cawnpore, and was met near Bhojpur by a ^‘sociable,’* a clumsy
kind of four-wheeled carriage with seals facing, which was to conduct
him to his destination with some show of state. Preceded by a cavalry
escort in front, and one behind, Lord Valentia drove in the sociable along
the Lines, each guard turning out, and presenting arms. The house of
Mr. Grant, the Magistrate, in whose compound the visitor’s tents were to
be pitched, has not been ti-aced, but it was at the northern end of the
station, somewhere in the Park.

A great transformation of the Station had taken place by 1855.
Residents of the early part of the nineteenth century would have been
less familiar with the place than those of to-day. This was due to the
metalling of the roads, and to the disappearance of many compounds,
which had long been empty for want of occupants. The making
of roads, bridges, and drains ; the demolition of compound walls;
the planting of trees and cleaning up of the side walks were due to
convict labour, supervised by the Magistrate and the Road Committee
The most senior officers in the Station were elected to this committecr In
1842 R. H, S. Campbell, the Collector, presided over it. The members
were R.B. Thornhill (officiating Judge), Major T. Lumsden, C.B. (Agent,
Gun Carriage Factory), Major J.H. Simmonds (Agent, Clothing Factory)
Doctor T. C. Hunter (Civil Surgeon), J. Mercer (Registrar), W. H.
DeGruyther (Deputy Collector), Pandit Daya Ram, and Munshi Benarsi
Das. The laboui-s of these Road Committees are fully recorded in the
papers belonging to the years 1835 to 1855, and all the roads of to-day
were constructed in that period. The road from Fatehgarh to the Kali
Nadi at Khudaganj was made in 1847. It crossed that stream by the
suspension bridge, which Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan had constructed
ten years previously, in order to join the metalled road from Gureahai-
ganj. The latter portion of the road had been commenced seven years
earlier. William Hine had come to grief over his accounts in connection
with its construction in 1842. The road from Bholepur to Nekpur was
metalled in 1853, and as a matter of fact only one road had been left in

its old state by the time of the outbreak of the Mutiny. This road,
curiously enough, has never been touched. It is the old Jail Road, which runs
from Bholepur to the Commissariat Godown. A good picture of the roads
is given in a letter by Mr. Shore, the Magistrate in 183G. He writes to
the Commissioner : The plan hitherto adopted of repairing the roads*

was merely to scrape and smooth them after they were cut up by rain ;
this had gone on so long that there was really nothing left to scrape ; the
roads being in some places five feet below the adjoining ground ; and at
the beginning of the late rainy season (183J2) many parts were naturally
impnssible. It was obvious that unless some general plan of raising and
widening the roads were adopted they must remain as they were ; but
there was no place in the Station whence earth could be dug to raise
them.” With the help of Captain Fulton (Agent, Clothing Factory)
Shore induced the residents to give earth from their compounds. He was
able after great exertions to raise the roads to their present level.
This desperate expedient failed on the Trunk Road. In 1836
Mr. Rose (Joint Magistrate) wrote a report on it, in which he described
the road as a soft unmetalled one, filled with ruts and holes, and ankle
deep in dust, or in the rains with mud and water. The road had fallen
into such a state of disrepair as to be impassible. The residents, there-
fore, opened a subscription fund for procuring kankar. Captain Lumsden,
the Gun Carriage Agent, undertook the management. The Commissioner,
Mr. Boulderson, sent him a hundred convicts, and the road was for the
first time properly metalled.

After this date the appearance of the road changed. Already many
years before, the Line Telingan ’ ' as the barracks were called by an old
Madras expression, had dwindled down to ten rows of huts in two
blocks of five rows each, opposite No. 19 Bungalow. For thii*ty years
there had not been more than one regiment in garrison. The animated
scenes of the eighteenth century, when the troops of the old brigade
thronged the Lines down to the Sadder Bazar, had passed from memory.
In 1857 the men of the 10th N. I., “ Duffel ki paltan,” would have been
seen here in red coats with dark-green facings. In front of their lines,
where now is the Cantonment Office, took place the tumultuous scenes of

the 4th of Juiie parade, when Colonel Smith nari*owly escaped with his
life ; and here too the 10th met the 4l8t “ Doobye ki paltan ” fi*om Sita-
pur, and exchanged shots to decide who should own the district treasuie.

The Lines have disappeai*ed. The Cantonment office, which seems
later on to have been quarters for a medical officer, and the Memorial
Church have made their appearance ; but with these exceptions the parade
ground has remained unchanged. The Diggi Tank in the centre was made
in 1827 by Mr. Middleton, the Judge, at a total cost of Rs. 8,100 of which
Government gave Rs. 1,500. Mr. Middleton gave Rs, 600 out of his own
pocket, and the rest was raised locally. After a few years the tank deterio-
rated, and it was continually being repaired by convict gangs. It is now
used as a wrestling arena by the men of the 10/7th Rajput Regiment.

In pre-Mutiny days there was no Station Club, There was an
Officers’ Mess it is true ; but thei^ was no meeting place for ladies, who
apparently did no calling on each other. The Theatre had declined long
before 1840. The records of the thirties are so silent about its existence,
as to lead to the inference that the Theatre was no longer the assembly
place of the Station. Consequently, the only rendezvous was the Diggi
Tank. Here on Tuesday and Friday evenings played the band, affording
some distraction to the residents sitting in their carriages. Close by the
tank are the foundations of a small building, the use of which is not
exactly known. Bazar tradition says it was the regimental armoury of
the pre-Mutiny garrison.

That portion of the parade ground immediately in front of the old
Church was and still is the official camping ground. Several large camps
have been laid out on this spot, and that of the Marquis of Hastings in
1815 was the first. In 1827, and a year later in December 1828, the
Commander-in-Chief, Lord Combermere, camped here with fifty double
pole tents, and a following of five thousand pei^ons, including one
squadron, and the band of the 11th Light Dragoons. Captain Mundy,his
A.-D.-C., says that each officer on the headquarter staff had a double
pole tent, one rowtee, one servants’ pal, two elephants, six camels, four
horses, one pony, a buggy, and 24 servants besides mahouts, cancel drivers
etc. Ten years after, however, an infinitely bigger camp was pitched

for Lord Auckland^ whioh had to oversow into the holds behind Colonel*
ganj. His sister, the Hon. Emily Eden, writes that they stayed in
Fatehgarh from January 10th to 15th, and then marched across the
river to Amritpur. Lord Auckland was accompanied in his tour by
eleven thousand persons, hundreds of elephant camels and eijuipagcs
of all kinds. The monthly cost of this horde to Government was seventy
thousand rupees ; while three or four hundred rupees compensation had
to be paid daily to the cultivators for damage done to their fields. Mrs.
Fanny Parks vainly attempted to accompany this small army on its
march, and her tribulations are described in her book. She deserted at
Amritpur, when an officious aide-de-camp ordered her off for inadvertently
pitching her tents on a spot sacred to the Governor-General.

On December 26 1 1851, amved Lord Dalhousie with a smaller
retinue. One of his objects was to call on Maharaja Dhulecp Singh. Sir
William Gomm, the Comraander-iu Chief, followed in February 1854.
During his stay the Adjutant-General, Colonel Mountain, died and was
buried in the Fort.

The Column under Sir Colin Campbell, which ap[)eared in 1858,
after destroying the Doobye ki paltan ” at the Kali Nadi battle, camped
on the parade ground, in the numerous groves behiml Kasim Bagh, and
in the vicinity of Naugaoii, and the Fort. The following year a camp
was laid out here for the Durbar of Lord Canning. It is interesting to
know that the future Field- Marshal Lord Roberts was the Staff Officer
who made the arrangements.

For several years, at the end of the Trunk road just where the
Bazar commences, there were huts in which a guard was placed in con-
sequence of a famous riot in 1854. The 1st N. I, was then in Fatehgarh
under the cOiUmand of Lieut, -Colonel Tapp. It appears that several sepoys
were beaten by the townsmen in a street fight. The sejx>ys returned
with large reinforcements, and started a battle royal, in which seventeen
persons were stretched on the ground. The Town was placed out of
bounds. At a cost of fis, 15, huts were erected to contain a guard.
This was extremely irksome to the sepoys, who lived so close to the bazar,
and every mouth riots were anticipated.

The only building devoted to civil eti the pamde ground side
of the Trunk Road was the dak bungalow, which stood upon the site of
the present Post Ofhce. For several years prior to the Mutiny it had not
been used fcnr the reception of visitoi's. The records are silent as to
where such accommodation was provided. For several nights before the
outbi'eak of the Mutiny on the 18th June 1857, the Officers of the 10th
N, I. slept together in the house, since it stood at the end of the Lines,
and close touch with the sepoys could be maintained. Curiously enough,
it was actually used as a post office; and the arrangements are of interest.
The building was hired fm* Rs. 10 monthly. There was a staff of twenty-
one postmen and eleven bahnngidars. The latter carrieil parcels slung
from each end of a bamboo balanced on the shoulder. The dak is still
carried to officers in camp in this fashion. The monthly expenditure was
Rs. S26.

The first Postmasters were the Collectors of the District. For a staff
they were allowed one clerk and a sorter, A number of runners on Rs. 8
monthly wages carried the letters in leather bags to Cawnpore, each man
covering a stage of 8 or 10 miles, and bringing back the post fit>ni the
other direction. In 1840, the Commissioner allowed Rs. for a set of
new leather bags.

Arrangements for conveyance of the mails in the eighteenth century
were as complete as could be expected. A mail service was set on foot
in October 1778, as soon as the Temporary Brigade was established in its
camp. Mails were conveyed from Benares to Daranagar beyond Morada-
had, where there was a detachment of troops. Cawnpore to Fatehgarh
was the stage, which most concerned the Temporary Brigade. A staff of
24 runners, 8 tom tom drummers, and 8 torch bearers was allowed. The
duty of the drummers was to frighten wild beasts, and keep them from
attacking the runners. The runnere were paid Rs. 7 per mensem, and the
others Rs. 3. In 1799, Lieutenant A. Orme was Deputy Postmaster. He
complained to the Postmaster-General that the number of runners was in-
sufficient, the mail having become very heavy.

Up to 1820 or thereabouts, this postal service seems only to have
been for official use. Private postal services nevertheless existed in

numbers until prohibited by the Act of 18S7. Th6 custom of using the
official post for private correspondence led to the sending of valuables by
this medium ; and in .1808, the mail between Fatehgarh and Cawnpore
was robbed regularly every week. A Government Order, issued in 1809,
forbade the sending of valuables. It discloses that residents had been
accustomed to send jewellery, and even watches, through the post.

Up to 1846 from a time unknown, the Civil Surgeon was Postmaster
at Fatehgarh. After that year, Mr. Dunbar was this official. The Mutiny
lists show Mr. Kew as Postmaster, and Mr. Catania as Inspector of Post
Offices. Whole-time supervision had long been necessary. Complaints
were rife as to the morals of the postal staff. In 1884 the Civil Surgeon
despairingly reported to the Commissioner that the whole of his establish-
ment was embezzling money.

The postal runners gave way to horses, then came ekkas, and lastly
postal waggons. The waggons were always being robbed, and in 1854
the Magistrate reported a big loss. At all times the post was uncertain.
Waggons being more reliable were an advance on the runners, who hardly
ever ran, and consumed time at the end of their stages. In 1813, it was
reported that the post left Cawnpore at 10 p. m. at night, and reached
Fatehgarh ^i6 hours later in the middle of the second night, when the
runners were conscientious ; otherwise no one could say when the post
would come.

A curious notice was published in 1859 by the P. M, G. He notified
Lieutenant Swetenham of the 10th N. I. that three boxes of six barrels for
an organ, addressed to him, would be sold by auction if not claimed in three
months. This unfortunate officer, however, had two years previously
been murdered at Cawnpore by the Nana.

The Trunk Road continued on into the Sudder Bazar, which arose
into being to meet the requirements of the Temporary Brigade, and prior
to 1803 it was small. The introduction of the District Courts, the Board
of Revenue, and the Mint transformed the old brigade bazar into a
considerable town. Life also in Farrukhabad City was insecure. The
first British officials forced their subordinates to build houses in Fatehgarh,
which soon acquired a large population. In 1803 Lord Valentia writes

that murders had been so frequent in Farrukhabad the year before, that
people did not dare to venture there after sunset. The workmen, who
came out to Cantonments, always returned during daylight. The sudden
irruption of Holkar in 1804* emptied Fatehgarh Town, the inhabitants
dying to the City, and shutting the gates. The Judge, Mr. Potts, remarked
that on that occasion not one even of his orderlies remained on duty.
From that date until the Mutiny fifty-three years later, the Town
increased at a normal pace. Beyond the Kotwali and a small hospital,
opposite the present Municipal Office, it had no public buildings, and its
history was uneventful.

Within a stone’s throw of the present Civil Hospital, and adjoining
the Town, was the Theatre. Amateur theatricals were one of the most
popular amusements of old military stations. Fii’st mention of the Fateh-
garh house will be found in Lieutenant Fester’s diary of War and Sport
in India ” under date the 25th May 1803. “ About ten we left Wemyss’s
(James Wemyss, Assistant Magistrate with whom he was staying) to go
to see a play performed by gentlemen, and arrived just in time for Act
the. second of “ She Stoops to Conquer It seemed to afford the old
ladies great amusement, and many of the ladies assembled on this occasion,
although from England, I think very probably had never seen a play
l)efore. Went home at 1 a. m.”

The Marquis of Hastings several times mentions the Theatre in his
diary. On his arrival in March 1815 his camp was pitched close to it,
and indeed the southern portion of the parade ground is still the camping
ground. His remarks, too, indicate the size of the building, since in 1815
no church existing at Fatehgarh, divine service was held for all the resi-
dents of Cantonments in a large room in the theati*e building. The
residents at that date together with the Governor-General’s suite could
not have numbered less than a hundred. The actual position of the
Theatre has only lieen discovered with difficulty, so thoroughly have its
traces disappeared. The foundations are not visible, and no mark is to be
seen on the ground. A clue was found in the records, and fortunately
could be verified on the spot. A list of works of public utility, drawn up
by Mr. Swetenham some time in the thirties, gives the name of one Sobha

Ram, a chaprassi of the Army Clothing Factory, as having planted a
tamarind and a goolar tree close to the Theatre. Both these trees are
still standing, and mark the site indicated by the 1846 map as an empty
compound. It is that space, south of the Victoria Memorial, which extends
from the City Road up to the walls of the Civil Hospital. On this spot,
therefore, took place the chief gatherings of the society of old Fatehgarh
in the pursuit of amusement. In days when there were no outdoor games
or clubs, the Theatre, or Assembly Rooms, were the chief rendezvous in
the Station. Here took place dances and suppers, as well as private
theatricals. There were several musicians in Fatehgarh, whose services
were sufficiently in request for dances as to enable them to cam a living.
In 1802, and for many years onwards, Christian Lundt practised this
profession. From 1829 to 1836 C. Braggs followed him.

CHAPTER III.

THE FORT.

T he first work of Nawab Mohamed Khan, the founder of Furrftv aa-
bad, was the building of the walls of the City in 1714. By
1720 he had also ei*ectcd the Fort on the Ganges^ bank to cover the
crossing of the river. He built it of mud with ten bastions and a moat.
In this form it has remained substantially up to the present day. It has
a circumference of 1,500 yards, and the moat appears always to have
been dry.

Before the arrival of the Temporary Brigade, the Fort had sustaineil
the first of its three sieges, and received its name. In 1751 Nawab
Ahmad, being attacked by the combined forces of Oudh, the Mahrattas,
and the Jats, threw up an entrenched camp around the three land sides,
and beat off all assaults. In his elation he named the Fort “Fatehgarh”,
or Fort Victory. In doing so he displayed unconscious irony ; for he was
very soon afterwards soundly beaten, driven out of the Fort, and com-
pelled to fly across the Ganges. Thus, the name “Fatehgarh'’ belongs
only to the Fort, There is no village of that name* The Cantonments
and Civil Station, spreading through the three villages of Bholepur,
Bhakramau, and Husainpur, and being themselves military in origin,
naturally adopted the name.

In 1777 when the Temporary Brigade concentrated in the vicinity,
the Fort was found to be the property of the Nawab Vizier of Oudh, who
was suzerain of the local Nawabs and of all territory around, from the
Ganges to the Jumna. The Nawab had no use for the Fort, and it was
empty. It was also in very ruinous condition. An officer having built
a bungalow alongside, arranged to use the Fort as his servants’ quarters I
Complaint was made by the Oudh authorities. The Officer Commanding
then took over the place, and converting the Fort to proper uses, made
it the magazine of the Temporary Brigade. The interior at this date
only contained mud buildings and sheds of no extent. In 1778 the

brigade artillery found ample room there for their lines, within which
could be housed their guns and personnel. Three companies of artillery,
the 6th, 7th, and 8th, together with the Nawab Vizier’s “ battering
aiiillery ” went into these new quartei's under their first commandant.
Major Patrick Duff. Up to the end of the century the Fort was called
the “ Magazine ”. At sunrise and sunset each day a signal gun was
fired. Here too was the ferry over the river, which stopped working
after the evening gun at 9 p. m. .

In 1797 Deputy Commissary Catts and two conductors of ordnance
were present. Catts was still in Fatehgarh seven years later. He had
done very good work in preparing for the J2nd Mahratta War. He
supplied Lord Lake’s Grand Army with military stores from the Fort,
which had been turned into an immense depot of munitions and guns for
the campaign. He was highly commended by Lord Lake, and on the 1st
September 1803 was promoted by Government to the rank of Commissary
of ordnance as a special case ; for the Magazine at Fatehgarh was always
in charge of a Deputy commissary.

Captain A. M. Mathews followed (Jatts. Although Fatehgarh after
1805 ceased to be the headquarters of a brigade, the Magazine was still
important. Captain Mathews was also a commissary in rank, and thi*ee
conductors of ordnance assisted him. Not only the Magazine in the Fort,
but the District also supplied the army with weapons and stores ; and
Captain Mathews did much to stimulate local factories. In 1806 tulwars,
made at Shamsabad, had a great name throughout Bengal. The records show
that a tulwar made at Shamsabad cost Rs. 7/4,. and similar weaj:>ons from
Farrukhabad could be supplied through Captain Mathews for Hs. 5/8 each.

From 1790 onwards the Fort was devoted to the purposes of a
magazine only, the artillery corps having formed permanent lines of its
own outside. Annual survey reports indicate the existence of four pow-
der rooms, dry store rooms, and a “ bankshaU ”, or store house of some
special description. A hut was built for the Magazine Sergeant in 1795,
and the next year a guard room was erected.

The Foil; was at no time armed for defence. When Jaswant Rao
Holkar and his Mahratta force made their raid on Farrukhabad in

Nov^ber 180*1, there were no guns of any description in it. Not only
was the Fort defenceless, but the Infantry Cantonment and that of the
Cavalry at Rakha were equally at the mercy of the raiders ; for a year
previously the Fatehgarh Brigade under Major-General Charles Ware had
left the Station in order to join Lord Lake’s army at Gui’sahaiganj for the
Delhi campaign. It is possible to draw information about this invasion
from two sources, both of which are easily available for residents of
Fatehgarh. The story of Lord Lake’s operations, and his surprise of the
Mahrattas at Farrukhabad, is related by Captain Thorn in his ‘‘History of
the Late War,” a rare book which is in the Club library. The movements
of the Mahrattas in the vicinity of Farrukhabad are depicted in a most
picturesque manner by Mir Bahadur Ali, who had himself lived a life,
crowded with sufficient incident to fill a volume ; for he had gained his
livelihood by practising professions as varied as those of trooper in the
King of Oudh’s cavalry, tutor to the Raja of Tirwa’s children, court
official in the Collectorate, and poet in the City. In his old age (1840)
he edited and added to the “ Lauh-i-Tarikh,” a history of the Bangash
Nawabs ; and it is while describing the life and times of Nawab Nasir-i-
Jang that incidentally he gives the story of Holkar with a wealth of detail
and an accuracy, which indicates him to have been a close spectator of
the raid of 1804.

Holkar set out from Indore with sixty thousand liorsemen with the
intention of scouring the western districts of Bengal ; and if there was
nothing to bar the way to the east, he had every expectation of reaching
Calcutta, and exterminating the Feringhis. This plan of campaign, how-
ever, was wrecked at a spot exactly thr’ee miles from Fatehgarh. By the
second week of November 1804 the raiders arrived at Aliganj in the
modern district of Etah. This town was at that time held for the Bangash
Nawab by a tahsildar, who after satisfying the dictates of honour by shut-
ting the gates of his fort, and hurling defiance at the invaders, fled
stealthily in the middle of the night to his master at Farrukhabad. There
was nothing in front of Holkar to spoil the pleasurable expectation of
looting Farrukhabad City, and leaving in his rear General Pollock, who
was vainly trying to collect the Company’s ti'oops at Kasganj, he marched

unopposed to Nawabganj, onty sixteen miles from the City. Here he
halted on the 14th November, while his horsemen looted the surrounding
country. This day Khairati Khan Bangash with eleven followers visited
him with a conciliatory message from the Nawab of Farrukhabad, who,
like the inhabitants of Cantonments, was in no condition to i*esist. It was
therefore plainly necessary for him to temporise.

Meanwhile the alarming news of Holkar’s arrival at Nawabganj had
reached the authorities. The residents of the Station took refuge in the
Fort. The inhabitants of Fatehgarh Town fled into the City, the gates of
which were shut. With the exception of one company of the 10th Native
Infantry in the Lines, there was not a soul between Fatehgarh Fort and
the City, when early in the morning on the 15th Holkar set out from
Nawabganj with the Bangash envoy in his suite. He was riding his
favourite pony, called ‘‘ Natwi,” which pranced like a peacock, and was
worth fifty thousand rupees ! On the way a second delegation from the
Nawab was met. Sarniat Khan, one of the Nawab’s personal companions,
riding on an elephant, and attended by fifty horsemen, advanced to wel-
come the Mahratta, Khairati Khan, constituting himse.U master of the
ceremonies, advised Holkar to embrace Sarmat Khan in the familiar
Bangash style. The annalist does not record how this was carried out,
but presumably both parties descended to earth with as much dignity as
possible, for Holkar is recorded to have hugged the friend of the Nawab
in his arms, and to have proceeded amicably on his way, discussing the
curious customs of the Bangashes. In no little time the colunin reached
the City, and halted before the Mau Gate. It is possible now to stand
upon the very spot, where Holkar sat down for a rest, until the City Gate
should be opened to receive him. A bare hundred yards from the Mau
Gate, by the western side of the Kaimganj Road, there is still to be seen
a very old baolh surmounted by two small turi*ets, which was part of the
system of irrigation in the famous Hayat Bagh. This baoli, indeed, is all
that remains to tell of the splendours of the garden, which surrounded
the mausoleum of Nawab Mohamed Khan, upon which was annually spent
the income of twelve villages. When Holkar sat down by the well, the
tomb and garden were ali’eady in a state of ruin, although far from being

the melancholy spectacle of to-day. The baoli and well, however, are yet
to be seen in a state of fine preservation.

Holkar ordered the City Gate to be opened. A little by -play then
ensued, which Mir Bahadur Ali lovingly records in great detail. Mirza
Hatta Beg, Jemadar, was on guard with the custodians of the gate. “ I
will open the gate,” he sent word, when Nawab Nasir-i-Jang gives me
permission to do so.” Holkar was unchivalrous enough to contemplate
breaking the gate open, when Khaireti Khan adi'oitly suggested that it
would be rash to enter the City in person : ‘‘ for,” he said, “ the houses
of this City are very lofty, and who knows but some Feringhi might fii*e
a shot from an upper storey?” Holkar decided to skirt the City, after
hearing this wise counsel, and followed by his horsemen proceeded to the
Jasmai Gate, between which and Dhilawal village was a plain eminently
suitable for his camp. On this spot, therefore, the tents, munition carts,
and camp equipage were arranged. The East Indian Railway now passes
over it before reaching Farrukhabad City Railway Station.

A horde of attendants, which swelled the numbers of the invader’s
army to over one hundred thousand persons, settled down upon the plain ;
and swarms of Mahratta horsemen spread out in every dii'ection around
the City to loot and destroy. The Sudder Bazar (Fatehgarh Town) was
ravaged. The Cavalry Lines and bungalows at Rakha, the ice house
close-by, were set on fire. The guards at the Jail (then at Qadri Gate)
left their posts, and the prisoners escaped. For their re-capture after-
wards it was necessary to offer a reward of Rs. 25 per head. The
Treasury which stood on the ground of the modern Engine Shed, was also
left deserted. Sewak Ram, the Kotwal of the City, hastily abandoned
the Kotwali in Katra Ahmadganj, and betook himself to the other side
of the Ganges. Nine hundred chaprasis took off their badges, and hid
them. When questioned by the Mahrattas they claimed to be soldiers of
the Nawab’s service. The Infantry Cantonment does not seem to have
been badly treated. The company of the 10th Native Infantry were
drawn up in line on the parade ground, facing the Mahrattas in sublime
ignorance of theii- danger. Their sole officer was an ensign of four yeare’
searvice, who was afterwards Lieutenant-General Sir John Hunter Littler,

G. C. B., a divisional commander in the Sikh Wars, and in 185.^ a
member of the Govemor-General's Council. He was eventually induced
to enter the Fort. After his withdrawal the place was promptly invested
by marauding Pathans and Mahrattas.

There are no details available about this siege, if siege it can be
called. There was no fighting, and the Mahrattas were only in possession
of Fatehgarh for two days. This was a fortunate circumstance for the
defenders, who had been forced to rush into the Fort with their families
at the shortest notice. So destitute were they of all means of defence that
Mr. W. P. Potts, the acting Judge and Magistrate (died at Fatehgarh
()ctol)er 1806), rode down to the Nawab’s palace in the City to Iwriw
a cannon at the moment when Holkar was settling into his quarters by
Dhilawal village. Mr. Potts went alone through the City on his errand.
It would be interesting to know if this was an act of rashness on hLs part,
or simply because no one else in the Fort had the courage to accompany
him. He asked the Nawab for a long-range gun. The Nawab refused,
either to lend a gun, or give any assistance. He asserted that his two
twelve- pounders and the eighteen-pounder had been broken up. Mr.
Potts is described by Mir Bahadur Ali as riding quietly through the
long bazar from the Nawab’s Fort to Tirpolia, with a loaded pistol in
each hand. After getting through the narrow gateway, which still spans
the Tripolia bazar, he set spurs to his hoi’se, and galloping to the Qadri
Gate, passed rapidly down the road to Kasim Bagh and the Fort. The
Mahrattas perceived him, and gave chase. They threw spears at him,
and, indeed, he was forced to ride for his life up to the very gates of the
Fort. So realistic is the narrative of the Lauh-i-Tarikh, that Mir Bahadur
Ali may well have seen Mr. Potts’ flight with his own eyes. He remarks
that Mr. Potts was afterwards very bitter towards the Nawab, and did
his best to inflame Lord Lake against him.

Nawab Nasir-i-Jang was now to undergo trials of his own. During
the afternoon of the L5th, Holkar summoned him to the Mahratta camp.
The Nawab had come out of the Khas Mahal (site of the present
Municipal Town Hall), and with his elephants and attendants awaiting
him, was about to start for the JaSmai Gate, when troops, attendants and

all, surrounded him with loud demands for their arrears of pay. The
Nawab put them off in vain. Dalpat Rai, his chief minister, had just
that minute climbed into the howdah of his kneeling elephant. The irate
soldiers struck at him with their tulwars, and only the sides of the
howdah saved him from being cut to pieces. The Nawab sent his gold
huqqatothe bazar to be pawned, and thus procuring money to pay them,
kept the mutinous soldiery from venting their rage on the unpopular
minister. The Nawab was literally without funds at all, for he received
his stipend monthly from the Fatehgarh Treasury, and had not been paid
a rupee for six months. This fact had not for one moment influenced the
troops. They pertinently remarked that arrears of pay were only useful
for the living, and that as many of them would probably lose their lives
at Dhilawal that day, they preferred not to wait.

With due ceremony the Nawab was received by Holkar sitting on
his gaddi, Mir Bahadur Ali attempts to 1 ‘eproduce the conversation
which followed. The Nawab enquired for news of General Pollock.
Holkar grinned, replying that he thought General Pollock was busy at
Kasganj. He wasted no further time, and before the Nawab could
continue his flow of compliments and the encpiiries which etiquette
demanded, brusquely asked for five lakhs of rupees as ransom for the
City. The Nawab and his followers were full of consternation. The
tension became so great that an outbreak by one or the other party seemed
imminent. Fateh Mir Khan, an Afridi of Man (Kaimganj), in order to
protect the Nawab, moved behind Holkar, being prepared to cut him
down at the first sign of treachery. Holkar noticed this, and Fateh Mir
Khan must have been an imposing figure. The historian describes him
as clothed in chain mail, wc-.aring iron gauntlets, and armed to the teeth.
He was noted for reckless daring, and had once slain a tiger with a
sword cut. He was still living in 1840, and doubtless supplied Mir
Bahadur Ali with many details. Holkar, whether daunted by this
apparition or not, brought the proceedings to a close, remarking that
for days past he had not had time even for a smoke. The Nawab,
leaving Dalpat Rai to continue the necessary haggling over the ransom
for the City, departed home, and no doubt remembering Holkar’s pressing

need for a smoke, sent him a silver hnqqn and a gurguri (small portable
huqqa, used when travelling in a palanquin). A flower vase, pan box,
and scent bottle, all of silver, completed this [)eticc offering.

The next day, the 16th November, Holkar again sent for the Nawab,
who fearing a trap, excused himself by alleging the pressing necessities
of religious devotion, and promised to come on the morrow. Holkar is
said to have passed the day and the night that followed in much less
edifying fashion. The Mahratta army, in fact, appears to have drunk
too deeply to keep a good look-out. It was a complete surprise for them,
when at daybreak the 8th Royal Irish Dragoons dashed into the camp,
assisted by discharges of grape shot from the horse artillery battery of
Major Clements Brown, an officer whose after career was connected with
Fatehgarh, and the Fort in particular. The Mahratta ammunition train
caught fire. An explosion heralded the destruction of each cart, as the
fire ran from one to the other. This explains in large measure the heavy
losses of the Mahrattas, and the total destruction of their camp. Holkar
himself escaped to Mainpuri, and closely pursued, had to push on towards
Lahore without being able to regain his own country. The total sum
of his losses was not known, but 800 wounded Mahrattas were taken to
hospital. Mir Bahadur Ali says that General Pollock created great
havoc in the camp. The neighbouring villagers, hovering around, wiped
out thousands of the fugitives for many days after. Sarmat Khan, the
Nawab’s representative, was caught escaping on his elephant, and was
pistolled by the troopers. Khairati Khan managed to get clear of the
rout. A price of Rs. 1,000, however, was placed on his head, his house
in the City being confiscated and sold. After the signing of peace
by Holkar, he was pardoned by the Government, and returned to
Farriikhabad.

Mir Bahadur Ali, in conclusion of his story, has a long account of
Lord Lake’s proceedings with the Nawab, for which there are no grounds.
He says that Lord Lake gave orders for the arrest of the Nawab and the
punishment of the City. The artillery, facing the City, was drawn up
on the parade ground, but not with the sinister intentions, which Mir
Bahadur Ali attributed to it. As will be seen later, preparations were

merely being made to fire a salute ! Lord Lake’s losses were two
dragoons killed, and 20 wounded; 75 horses had to be destroyed. The
column is said to have covered 252 miles in L5 successive days ; and
when it arrived at Farrukhabad, it had marched the last 54 miles, via
Aliganj, in J30 hours. The infantry, who with the baggage arrived
after the cavalry, marched Ji25 miles, doing an average of 18 miles a
day. The infantry were all picked regiments. One of them, the 2/2 1st
N. L, had not a man in it over the age of 22 years. The besiegers were
driven away from the Fort, and in an incredibly short time the country-
side was swept clear of them. Two days after, on the 19th November
1804 the Horse Artillery fired three royal salutes on the parade
ground, one for the success at Fatehgarh, and the two others for victories
over Holkar’s troops in other parts of India. The despatches, telling
of the progress of the flying column, were addressed to the Governor-
General from Fatehgarh. The column then left, and marched to Bewar.
Lake’s exploit must have associated him peculiarly with Fatehgarh, since
the artist, Robert Home, in executing the picture of Lord Lake and his
staff in 1804, which now hangs in the Victoria Memorial Hall at
Calcutta, chose to represent them as being at Fatehgarh. Evidently the
painter had not seen the locality ; for Lord Lake, seated on a grey
charger, has just reached the top of a steep hill, which is surmounted by
a palm tree ! By his side on a black horse is his son, acting as aide-
de-camp ; while the heads of the rest of the staff can just be seen, as they
climb the side of the hill.

After the second siege the Fort continued to be used as an arsenal,
and a vast quantity of war munitions were stored in it. In March 1815
the Marquess of Hastings made an inspection. Being Commander-in-
Chief as well as Governor-General he made s{>ecial note of what he. saw.
Repairs were then going on, not only of the walls, but also of the river
bank, which the Ganges had cut away on that side of the Fort. He
began his inspection at daybreak on the 1 4th March. He noted in his diary
that the place was a country mud fort of much extent, and that its only
utility was to receive the civilian residents of Fatehgarh, the public
treasure, and baggage of the various coiqws in the field. In this same

year, however, new activities began in the Fort. There started a long
and memorable connection with the Gun Carriage Agency.

The original Gun Carriage Factory was established in 1S14 at
Allahabad to supplement the C'ossipore Central Factory in Lower Bengal,
but was transferred to the Fatehgarh Fort the following year. In 1825
the Timber Yard at Cawnpore was also moved to the Fort. In 1829 the
whole of the Cossipore establishment and plant followed, jK?rmanent build-
ings being erected for the factories. There is a map in the district
records, which shows the interior arrangements at the time of the Mutiny,
and as they had been for many years before. The Fort was preserved by
the mutineers to be used as a cartridge Factory. Its appearance,
therefore, has altered but little in the last hundred years. The ramparts
had ten bastions, and a square enclosure for wood at the south-west
comer. This wood-yard has now disappeared along with two of the
bastions adjoining it on that front. The map shows that the house of the
Gun Carriage Agent occupied the whole of the south-eastern area next to
the river. The platform of the house, foundations of the room walls, the
well, and a circular drive up to the front door are still clearly visible.
Between the house and the southern rampart were the kitchen, servants’
quarters, pigeon, and poultry houses. The coach house was to the north
by the river-side wall. During the siege in the Mutiny the ladies,
children, and other non-combatants were placed in this bungalow, which
was then a thatched one with a high conical roof. It is also possible to
mark exactly the spot, where Sir William Russell, the l imes war corres-
pondent, saw Sir Colin Campbell and his staff having tea in front of the
house in April 1858. Opposite, on the other side of the courtyard, were
two barracks, a guard room, and another bungalow, also with pigeon and
poultry houses. The main portion of the Fort was occupied, as it is now,
by long narrow factories, called the “half-wrought’* workshops. There
were in addition blacksmith’s shops, and a steam engine from 1845
onwards. The cemetery was enclosed as at pi’esent. Trees were well
scattered all over the interior, and the long strip of land by the river to
the north-east, which is now covered by factories, used as barracks, was
under cultivation. The northern face of the Fort looked on to a grove

of shisham trees, which surrounded the magazine, and a small pond. The
pond has disapixiared.

The actual numbers of the staff employed arc not known. The Head
Blacksmith, the Head Carpenter, and several warrant officers lived within
the walls, as well as the Agent. The Mutiny lists contain the names of
four overseers of the Factory. In 1875, besides the Officer in charge and
his subaltern, there wei'e six Kuroj)ean overseers and 6^5 workmen, and
this may be taken as some indication. At all periods warrant officers of
the Ordnance were posted here, and must have been housed in the Fort.

The first Gun Carriage Agent was Major Clements Brown, who was
posted to Allahabad in June 1814 as the first agent there. In 1815 he
removed to Fatehgarh with the whole staff from Allahabad. With the
exception of one period of temporary absence on leave in I8l8 he remained
at Fatehgarh until 18Ji4. He received an unusual appointment in l8Jil,
when the Board of Trade with the sanction of Government nominated
him as agent for the sale of the ‘‘ Honorable Company’s wines at
Futtyghur.” This officer had seen Fatehgarh before. It was his troop
of horse artillery, the experimental troop, which fired the first shots at
Holkar’s camp in 1804. His commission bore date 1784. He saw active
service in the Mysore, Second Rohilla, Egyptian, Lord Lake’s campaigns,
and the first and second sieges of Bhurtpore. He enjoyed the greatest
popularity in the Army. He was regarded as the father of the Bengal
Artillery. He once made a famous wager of fifty gold rnohurs, backing
a gunner on a dragoon horse against a dragoon on an artillery horse to
ride between the stables of their respective lines. The dragoon lost, since
artillery horses then were only half broken, as the gunners very well
knew.

In 1882 Major-General Clements Brown, C. B., as he had then
become, commanded headquarters at Dum Dum. Contemporaries described
him as a most soldier-like person in appearance, a perfect horseman, a
keen shikarri, a hearty associate at the Mess Table, and the staunch friend
of every officer in his brigade. He died at Benares in 1888, aged 72,
after completing fifty-four years of uninterrupted service in the Army.
As his epitaph describes him : “ He was a soldier from his youth and

delighted in his profession. He died while still in the active and zealous
discharge of his duties.” He was succeeded by the following Agents : —

1824-1832. Major R. B. Fulton. Bom in 1788. Became Army
Clothing Agent of the 1st Division, Fatehgarh, and died at Fatehgarh in
1836. Buried in the Foi*t cemetery.

1832. Major C. H. Campbell. Born 1789. Arrived in India, 1805.
Saw active service in the 2nd Mahratta, and Bundelkhand campaigns.
Siege of Hathras. Assistant-Secretary to Government, Military Depart-
ment, 1819. Agent, Gun Carriage Factory at Cossipore, 1821. Died
at Fatehgarh after an illness of only a few hours. Buried in the Fort
cemetery.

1832-1843. Major T. Lumsdeii, C. H. (1789-1874). Arrived in
India 1808. Siege of Hathras, 1817. Third Mahratta War. Adjutant
and Brigade-Quartermaster to Horse Artillery, Rocket Troop, and
Dromedary Corps, with the Centre Division of the Grand Army. First
Burma War, 1824-1826. Retired as Lieut.-Colonel 1844, and died in
Aberdeenshire. Author of “ A Journey from Meerut in India to
London during the years 1819-1820.” He went home on furlough through
Persia, and the Caucasus.

1843-1847. Major A. Abbott, C. B. (1804-1867). Afterwards
Major-General. Extra A.-D.-C. to the Governor-General. Commanded
the 2nd Coy. Foot Artillery at the siege of Bhurtpore, 1826. In 1843
married Maria Frances Garstin at Fatehgarh.

1847-1853. Lieut.-Colonel J. Alexander, C B. (1803-1888). After-
wards Major-General Sir James Alexander, K. C. B., Commandant, Royal
Bengal Artillery. Arrived in India, 1821. Siege of Bhurtpoi’e, 1st
Afghan, and Sikh Wars.

1853-1858. Lieut.-Colonel J. Foixlyce. (1806-1877). Afterwards
Lieut.-General Sir John Fordyce, K. C. B. Arrived in India, 1823. Sikh,
1st Burma, and Arakaii Wars. N. W. Frontier, 1849-1850. The des-
cendants of Isan Chandar Deb have interesting letters by this officer
enquiring after the fate of furniture left by him and Colonel Alexander
in the Fort just Ixjforc the Mutiny. Colonel Fordyce was on leave, when
the Mutiny broke out.

1857. Major A. Robertson. Officiating for Colonel Fordyce.
Died on the !7th September, 1857, at Karhar on the bank of tlie Ganges,
of a wound received in the attack by the mutineers on the boats at Manpur
Katri. The tomb is maintained by Government.

The story of the third siege is full of interest, and has been told by
one of the two survivors, Mr. Gavin Jones. A copy of his account is in
the library of the Officers’ Mess of the 10/7th Rajput Regiment. The
other survivor was Mr. David Churcher, who died in 1 908, and is buried
in the new cemetery. Reference should be made to “ Fatehgarh and the
Mutiny ” for a detailed history of this siege.

One of the last surviving records of the time just before the Mutiny
deals with an old trouble of the Fatehgarh residents, which was ever
recuriing. In l855 the river was very low in the hot weather, and the
ground beneath the Fort, which was left by the receding water, was sown
with melons. The manuring of these crops resulted in swarms of flies.
The Agent protested against the nuisance. The melon-growers were then
summarily ejected from the vicinity of the Fort, and paid Rs. 55 as
compensation.

CHAPTER IV.

HUSAINPUR AND CIRCULAR ROAD.

N O area in Fatehgarh has changed so completely as that in the
vicinity of the Fort ; for it has been disengaged from the mass
of ba/avs, which formerly surrounded it. There was always a ghat called
Qilaghat ; and Sher Dil Khan, the builder of the Fort in 1720, was
granted the monopoly of charging transit duties on all merchandise
which passed that way. There must always, therefore, have been a certain
number of boatmen, who lived by the ford, and formed the nucleus of
the village, called Husainpur. The bazar grew up in the eighteenth
century, and was named after the artillery, as contrasted with Fatehgarh
Town, which was the Siidder bazar of the infantry corps of the Temporary
Brigade. It was also called the Khalassi bazar to show its connection
with tlie klmlassis of the artillery. Its very convenient situation on the
river bank turned it into a large trading community, including numbers
of boatmen. In 18^10 the population exceeded ten thousand, who lived
in densely crowded blocks, traversed by narrow lanes, opposite the Fort
gates. The nearness of these houses to the Fort was a sour(;c of great
anxiety to the besieged during the investment by the mutineers. After
the Mutiny, consequently, the whole area was ac(|nired by Government,
and the houses knocked down by elephants.

At the water’s edge is the bathing ghat, built according to the
foundation stone, in 1848 by Babu Isan Chandar Deb, then head clerk of
the Gun Carriage Agency. His house, next to the Military Works store-
house, still stands on a space formerly packed with houses. It is interest-
ing as a Mutiny relic ; for here the mutineers posted one of their two
guns, covered by pi(;kcd marksmen. It was brought to bear on the
nearest rampart, and was unsuccessful in breaching it ; but by sending
its balls over into the interior of the Fort, the gun was able to damage
the Agent’s house, in which the non-combatants were sheltering. Babu
Isan Chandar Deb afterwards set up a shop and canteen at this place.

Closely adjacent is the square enclosure of the Military Works
Engineer with angle turi*ets and a small mosque inside. This building
was a serai constructed in 1824 for travellers, by Nawab Hakim Mehdi
Ali Khan, the exiled Vizier of Oudh, who made Fatehgarh his home from
1822 to 1837. When Fatehgarh was retaken by the force under Sir
Colin Campbell, the serai was occupied as an Officers’ Mess ; and on the
26th April 1858 Sir William Russell notes in his diary that he had
breakfast just by the mosque in the centre. The Bhatiyaras, or inn-
keepers, were ejected afterwards, and Government made the building
into a storehouse. Opposite the old serai is the road over the rifle range
to Naugaon. This was lined with trees in 1826, and previous to that
date the environs of the Fort wei*e bare. In the midst of a wood stood
the house of Martin, the indigo planter. It was later the Commissariat
Yard, near to the spot where the road crosses the present range. At the
south-western corner of the Fort, and about opposite to Isan Chandar’s
house, was a Hindoo shrine belonging to Phulmati and Harden.

The space, now partly covered by the Maude Lines, where up to
forty years ago three companies from a British regiment at Agra used to
be quartered, was the location of the artillery corps in the eighteenth
and first decade of the nineteenth century. The artillery parade ground
was the open ground, which is east of the present Church and the War
Memorial of the 7th Rajput Regiment. It is now crossed by a road
leading to the Maude Lines from Regent Road, The strength of the
artillery dwindled after the 2nd Mahratta War. As their lines contract-
ed, bungalows and other buildings were set up ; and what little artillery
remained was pushed by these encroachments towards its parade ground.
Colonel Vanrenan took a large area in 1810 for his new' bazar, now called
the B. I. bazar. Eventually the parade ground itself contracted, the
Mint house being constructed on a portion of it ; and the place which
in 1846 was known locally as the “Top Khana”, consisted only of a row
of huts (nearly in front of the regimental hockey ground by the Church).
It correctly marks, however, that position first occupied by the artillery
of the Temporary Brigade “in front of the right of the line”, a position
which was soon exchanged for more comfortable quarters in the Fort.

8 ^

By 1795 the artillery had been ousted from the Fort, which was then
becoming an arsenal, and was called “The Magazine”. It was necessary
to provide new accommodation as quickly as possible, since the strict
outlines of the camp of the Temporary Brigade had become modified by
the lapse of eighteen years, and the place of the artillery in the original
lay-out of the Brigade was being hemmed in by the Husainpur bazar.
The Q. M. G. ordered the construction of two ranges of artillery barracks.
6,000 sonat rupees were advanced to Major Pringle, the Barrack Master,
in January 1795. The works were finished by September at the large
cost of 21,387 sonat rupees. Major Pringle also constructed a “cook
room”, store house, guard room, and bungalows for artillery sergeants.
All these buildings were thatched. An extra bungalow was built for
the Sergeant-Major, details of which are given, and indicate the size of
residence considered sufficient in those days for non- commissioned officers.
It must be remembered that the residences of the officers were not very
much better, and it is therefore possible to understand how seventy
houses could have been packed into the narrow limits of Cantonments.
The bungalow in question was 30 feet long and 20 feet broad. The roof
was of the usual thatch. The walls, 14 J feet high by 2i feet thick, were
of mud, and their interior surface was washed with fine chenam plaster.
The floors were constructed of brick. A partition wall, 12 feet high,
divided this abode into two rooms. The thatch rested on 22 pillars,
which placed at a distance of 8^ feet from the house walls, made a
verandah of that width on all four sides. The cost of building this house
was 685 sonat rupees for materials, and 310 for wages of the labourers.
A similar bungalow was made the next year for a N. C. O., called the
Deputy Q. M. G’s. Sergeant. It has not been possible to fix the position
of these buildings accurately ; but it is known that they lay on the nor-
thern side of the main road to the Fort, and on both sides of the road,
which now runs across the Rifle Range to Ghatia Ghat. For a great
many years after the disappearance of the artillery their site was called the
“Khalassi Lines”. The artillery workshops remained as befoi*e in the Fort.

The resolution of the Governor-General’s Council dated 4th August
1777 ordered one company of artillery to be sent from each of three

brigades. Accordingly the Temporary Brigade received the 1st Company
under Captain-Lieutenant Hill, the 2nd under Capt.- Lieutenant Sampson,
and the 3rd under Capt.-Lieutenant Harris. These companies were then
numbered 6, 7, and 8, the whole corps being commanded by Major
Patrick Duff. There was a Lieutenant attached named David Wood-
burne, who was still at Fatehgarh ten years later in command of a
company from the 2nd Battalion of Artillery. In 1787 the force had
decreased to one company. From 1795 to 1803 it rose to two companies
from the 3rd Battalion, and by 1809 one company was again considered
sufficient. Very shortly after this date, the artillery disappeai*ed along
with the cavalry, the frontier having shifted from Fatehgarh to the Agra
and Muttra line. Henceforth, right up to the Mutiny, there were only
two guns with a detachment of Foot Artillery, stationed permanently
in the Fort. These two guns falling into the hands of the mutineers,
played a prominent part in the siege of that place in 1857.

In the eighteenth century the establishment of golandaz, or hurlers
of cannon balls,” as they were called, consisted usually of 3 British and
4 Indian officers, 3 British and 16 Indian N. C. Os., and 80 gunners to
each company. There were six companies of Inscars, or khalassis, in
addition. The organisation was continually changing. At the very first
each company had one captain-lieutenant, and a lieutenant-fireworker
only ; and most of the staff work and training was entrusted to ten British
sergeants. Each battalion of infantry had its own guns, which were kept
with the battalion in its lines. They were distinct from the brigade
artillery. In 1784 a company of European artillery appeared at Fateh-
garh, but not for long. Until the “ Mud War ” of 1802-03, when Lord
Lake decided to reduce several strongholds with mud walls in and around
the District, the artillery at Fatehgarh saw little active service, and it
was chiefly employed against Zemindars’ forts. A record of 1803
describes the Indargarh Fort of Hannu Prasad, then in the Etawah
District, as a mud structure with 16 bastions, and surrounded by a ditch
60 feet deep, and 60 feet broad. The forts of Sasni, Kachaura, and
Thatia, reduced in the Mud War, were of this description, but possibly
bigger. Lieut.-Col. James Gordon, commanding the F’atehgarh artillery

in 180J2, lost his life in these operations. It had been foretold by a
foiiune teller that he would die in his first action, and it so happened
that for a long period of his service he was employed in arsenals in
Lower Bengal. Having survived the bombardment and capture of
Bijaigarh Fort, he was engaged in inspecting stores of captured ammuni-
tion inside the Fort, when an explosion occurred in the magazine, and
killed him.

The artillery practice ground was at Dahlia, a village which is four
miles distant from the Fort on the other side of the Ganges. In 18^0 the
Magistrate cleared the range of trees, which had grown up, and gave
offence by his summary methods. This is the sole mention of the place
in the records, and the only description is that given by William Daniell
under date the 7th January 1789. He writes, ‘‘Un., (i. r., uncle or
Thomas Daniell), and self set out very early in our palancjuiiis and
arrived at Capt, Mont?igu's tent on D^lia plain abt. 8 o.c. Spent
the day with Capt. M. (Edward Montagu. Jind Bn. Artillery
1787. Died on 9th May 1799 of wounds received at the siege of
Seringapatam). Capt. M., Un., and self rode round the plain on an
elephant. Delia is the most beautiful plain we have seen in India. A
number of delightful groups of trees cover it, which are situated in such
a manner as to appear to have been planted like an English park, which
it much resembles. Were entertained in seeing the soldiers exercise the
artillery guns. Returned to Fatehgarh at 6 o.c. Uii. and self played a
few games of billiards in the evening.”

On the site of the present canteen was the bungalow of ‘‘ Sadder
Line Sahib,” an appellation which it is difficult to interpret. In the
eighteenth century the official called the Commissary of Bazars was
sometimes referred to as a Line Sahib,” but in this case a local tradition
has come to light, which suggests that the name ‘‘ Sutherland ” is meant.
CJiarles Sutherland, merchant and agent, appeared in 1845. He was
killed at Manpur Katri, when escaping in the boats during the Mutiny.
His wife and two of his children, however, were massacred along with
other captives by the well in the compound of the Church. The story is
that Miss Sutherland offered to purchase their lives by revealing a hidden

store of mooey in her father’s bungalow, which was close- by. There is
no actual truth in the story ; but it is suggestive of the fact that the
Sutherland’s bungalow stood near the scene of the massacre. The
‘‘ Sudder Line Sahib’s” bungalow certainly did stand within sight of it.

The topography of this ai’ea is very obscure. The Western side of
the road, stretching from the present canteen towards the Quai'ter Guard,
was lined by small bungalows and compounds, relating to which several
sale deeds are in existence. It is certain that next to the Sudder Line
Sahib was the property of Mrs. S. Clark, or Matesia Bibi, the Mohamedan
wdfe of a Deputy Collector in 1824. Three years before, Johii Clark was
a trader, and his wealth was attested by tlie ownership of two other pro-
perties. Mrs. Clark’s chief title to fame, however, lay in the fact that
she built a remarkable mosque, which was situated in the small enclosure
in the south-eastern corner of her compound here. There is also a story
to the effect that Mr. Clark built the edifice on the model of one at
Mecca, in order to prevent his wife from leaving him to go on pilgrimage
to that place. On the front of the building was a Persian inscription,
the translation of which is as follows : “ Blessed be this mosque, built by
Mi*s. John Clark. It matches the Kaaba exactly. When the maker of
dates searched his mind for its chronogram, the answer was : Oh, what a
grand and imposing mosque !” The chronogram concealed in the words
of the last line gave the date 124D A. H., or 1880 A. D.

Behind these two bungalows of the Sudder Line Sahib and Mrs
Clark, were situated the (’amel Lines, or Shuturkhana. Unless they were
connected with the Commissariat it is difficult to guess the nature of their
employment. At Shahjahanpur there is a similar Shuturkhana behind the
District Courts, where camels were kept for taking the District Magistrate’s
correspondence over the district. It may well be that the camels kept in
these lines were used for a similar purpose, since the District Courts were
for many years on the site of the present Railway Engine Shed, and not
so very far away.

Further to the south, a semi-circular lane surrounded five cotn pounds
and a garden, a space which is now covered by barracks. The eastern-
most property towards the Kasim Bagh cemetery, with garden attached.

was a house belonging to Sir Edward Colebrooke, Bart., Joint Commis-
sioner for the Ceded Provinces, 1809-22. He was dismissed the service
in 1860, and died 1868. His brother was the celebrated Oriental scholar.
Colebrooke is always described in the Fatehgarh sale deeds by his full
titles, “ Roshan-ud-Daula, Zia-ul-Mulk, Mr. Colebrooke, Sahib Bahadur,
Mansur-i-Jang.” On his departure to act as Resident at Delhi, he left
this pro|xjrty to his wife Nau Ratan, who sold it to Nawab Hakim Mehdi
Ali Khan, In the fifties it was held on lease by Reginald Orlando Kew,
the Postmaster, who was killed on the parade ground in the Mutiny. Kew
established a saltpetre factory on the premises, and the orange tree
orchard was ruined. Only the brick walls of the house were standing
after the Mutiny. North of the Colebrooke property lived Mr. Meikle,
of whom no further notice has been found but that he was a Portuguese,
or Goanese, as he would now be styled. He was most probably a clerk.
South of Mrs. Clark’s was a larger compound looking on to the Fort Road.
This belonged to the Mohamedan wife of Lieut.-Colonel Samu d Palmer,
Officer Commanding at Fatehgarh in 1809-10. She was named Khairan,
and bought the house in 1816 for Rs. 2,001 from Westcomb Jacob, a
shopkeeper from Agra, who at the beginning of the century also set up
shop here. This same Jacob sold a garden, behind the present Military
works godown, to Tom John, a son of Sir Edward Colebrooke, a person
who was always known as John Sahib. South of Mrs. Palmer’s was Mr.
Jay, a merchant, and west of his place was a triangular compound also
Ixjlonging to Mrs. Palmer, which must be assigned either to a clerk named
Emmanuel Anthony, or to a merchant of the name of Storr. Across the
road south of Mr. Jay’s was a house in which one of these two lived. The
exact location of these families is not known, but these two houses are the
only ones which they could have inhabited.

The Anthony family was devoted to Government service, and they
are mentioned constantly from 1860 to 1861. There were M. Anthony
Senior and Junior, and E. Anthony. They signed the memorial of 1829,
and the child of Adam Anthony was buried in the Kasim Bagh cemetery
in 1861. The name does not appear in the Mutiny lists, and the family
must have left the Station for a time. Curiously, the earliest signature

of M. Anthony is that which he scratched in 1828 on the wall of Nawab
Ahmad Khan’s tomb in the Bihisht Bagh in the City. There are two
other names close by his, one recording for posterity the visit of Robert
Morris in 1793, and the second that of John Macklin in 1818, the person
who was Head Clerk of the Collector’s office, and was killed at Cawnpore
in the Mutiny. Of Storr little is known. He bought up four acres of
the old Cavalry Lines at Rakha, and was an indigo broker and trader,
mentioned in the Fatehgarhnama in company with the wealthiest firms of
indigo traders in the District. At the beginning of 1858 all these houses,
from that of the Sudder Line Sahib, down to Mr. Storr’s house were
levelled to make room for British Infantry barracks, by order of the Com-
mander-in- Chief, Sir Colin Campbell. Up to that year they were outside
the old Cantonment boundary.

A portion of Husainpur stretched along the Ganges Bank as far as
Hospital Ghat, and included the tract of land behind No. 2 Bungalow,
where now are the ruined tombs of the Moghal princes. This plot was
known as the Shahzadas’ garden. Prince Muzaffar Bakht, the grandson
of the Delhi Emperor, Shah Alam, had been interned at Benares ; but he
was implicated with Vizier Ali in the murder of Mr. Cherry, the Resi-
dent there, and was sent to Fatehgarh in 1803. He died in 1828, and left
three sons, who owned this garden in equal shares. In 1858 the widow
of the third son, Makhdoom Bakht, made protest to the Magistrate that
the Barrack Master was demolishing the family tombs in the garden.
The Barrack Master denied it. In any case, the lady had no proprietary
rights in the garden ; for she had sold her share to Maharaja Dhuleep
Singh through Mr. Buller, the Judge, in 1852.

South of the Quarter Guard of the 10/7th Rajput Regiment, on both
sides of the Circular Road, was the infantry rifle range, which in the days
of the ‘‘ Brown Bess ” was not required to be of any extent.

The Memorial Church of All Souls commemorates the victims of the
Mutiny, and in particular those who were murdered on this spot, and are
interred in the well in the compound. The story of the Mutiny is too
extensive to be related here, and a full account will be found in
“ Fatehgarh and the Mutiny ”, The compound of the Church, briefly.

covers the site of J. R. Madden’s ** yellow bungalow He belonged to
the Clothing Factory. By the house door were murdered ten Eurasian and
Indian Christians. Outside the compound, and just beneath the Memorial
well, was a row of huts, against the walls of which twenty-two women and
children were killed. The bodies were buried in a disused well of
Mr. Madden’s, just behind the huts. The memorial in red sand-stone, set
up by the Government of the North-West Provinces, stands directly over it.

Circular Road had a different alignment before the Mutiny. It ran
in a much wider sweep to the west, up to the present Commissariat
Godown, on the further side of Colonelganj, and the latter village was left
isolated on the parade ground. The portion of this, road from the Commis-
sariat godown to the City Rond is still to be seen, and is bordered by fine
trees planted by Mr. Shore, the .Judge, in 18f34. It gives a good idea of
the appearance of the roads in the pre-Mutiny Cantonments.

The Commissariat buildings have been called the Rum Godown, the
Roti Godown, and by other names since the Mutiny ; but before thnt
event the place was named the Shnhzadn’s house, and was under the
charge of the Collector. Though altered in size, the premises still contain
the oldest house in Fatehgarh, in nearly the same condition as in 1819,
when it was constructed by Government for the residence of the Moghal
prince, Muzaffar Bakht. The old plan shows a long oblong compound,
enclosed by mud walls, and divided into two halves In the front half
was a bungalow with well and servants quarters, a few trees, and flanked
by flower beds arranged in geometrical designs. The bungalow recon-
structed is now the Military Engineer’s rest house. Well and trees still
remain. The surrounding walls and outhouses, however, have gone. The
second half was the private garden, and the house proper of the prince,
which up to recently was used as a primary school. Its verandah is
bricked up, and the ornamental arches within ai*e covered with whitewash.
Behind extended the garden laid out in formal fashion. It is now mostly
under cultivation, and it is partly covered by a yard enclosed by conci*ete
store houses.

Prince Muzaffar Bakht, who had been interned in Fatehgarh since
1803 never liked the house. He later obtained permission to live on the

bank of the Ganges. The pi'eniises could be put to no good use, and
were generally empty. During the great famine of 1837-^38 an aged
poor house was established here, and a distributing centre of food and
money set up. No one would buy the place. Mr. Robinson (Collector
1835-40) tried to turn it into a lunatic asylum ; but Government would
not agree. For a time it received the overflow of prisonei*s from the
Jail ; and the records show that 29 separate cells had been built in the
garden. It was also the Jail Hospital just before the Mutiny, and was in
a bad state of repair. The bungalow, however, was inhabited by Joint
Magistrates and other officials at odd times.

From the Shahzada’s house the old Circular Road proceeded straight
to the Racquet Court, which was standing in 1843, and onward to Rakha
through the trading quarter of Fatehgarh, where lived merchants and
shopkeepers from the eighteenth century up to 1857. In 1794 there were
established in the Civil Lines and Circular Road — D. Grueber, J. Stewart,
Jas. Foreman, L. Paul, Rob. Carshore, and J. Warren, indigo planters :
Rob. Bathurst, Charles and John Bathurst, Thos. Bush, J. Newman,
W. Robertson, and W. Wattell, traders: J. Barr, Commission Agent:
A. Elliot, Jas. Cox, and T. Bellew, shopkeepers. Robert Carshore came
in 1782, and traded in cloth as well as indigo ; while the first shopkeeper
was Andrew Elliot, 1785. There were not only over fifty British officers
in Cantonments, but after 1802 a large number of European and Eurasian
officials in the Mint, Ordnance, Paymaster’s, Commissioner’s and District
offices, as well as indigo planters, to cater for.

In 1835 no less than eighteen indigo planters can be identified at
Fatehgarh, of whom three or four lived at Mehndi Ghat by Kanauj. Two
auctioneers, Brierly and Morgan, were doing business ; and Mr. C. Braggs
earned his living as a musician. Ten years before, Christian Lundt was
of the same profession, although other Lundts were manufacturing indigo.
Reid and Ives were tent makers. Fatehgarh tents are often mentioned in
contemporary memoirs, and were as well known as they are now. Messrs.
Morton, Jennings and Jacob had general shops. Saltpetre refiners were
numerous, and many indigo planters carried on this business in addition
to their own. Several limited companies worked on a lax*ge scale. Bush,

Packard & Co. for example, employed three European Assistants.
MacArthur, Moir & Co. went in for saltpetre refining ; and one Civil
Surgeon, Dr. Julius Jeffi’eys, found the line profitable enough for floating
a company, called Jeffreys & Co. Similarly Mr. Mercer, who was re-
gistrar, subordinate judge, money lender, real estate agent, and boon
companion at all dinners, founded a business under his own name. There
were Bathurst, Bush & Co., Urquhart & Co., Gav oner’s Indigo Works
under Mr. P. O’Connor; Thos. Kerrod & Co. of Cawnpore ; Pyle’s Mineral
Water Factory ; Macintosh & Co. of Calcutta. Even Nawab Hakim
Mehdi Ali Khan started a business in the town, and financed a factory for
weaving Kashmir shawls. In 1822 W. Morton announced he was a free
trader. He did not last long.

Under the Company’s administration there were stringent rules for
non-officials about taking out permits to live up country. There is a permit
of this nature in the district records written in beautiful copy plate, and
issued from Calcutta. It allows Mr. Bassel Muirhead in 18JJ0 to live at
Fatehgarh under a permit according to Act 53 of George III. All Euroj^eans
had to obtain this permit, and deposit it in the Civil Court for record.

In the early nineteenth century Europeans were not allowed to lease,
or own, land in their own name. Indigo planters usually did so through
a servant, or made engagements with zemindars to cultivate indigo for
them after giving advances. Many Fatehgarh planters had large establish-
ments in the country, like Martin at Shamsabad, where his “ godown ” is
still known, or the Maxwells and Packard & Co. at Mehndi Ghat. The
remains of the factory at this place are worth visiting. They are in a
splendid state of preservation. The first planter was Laurence Paul. He
came in 1777. David Churcher was the last, and he is mentioned as still
working in the seventies. Other prominent planters were Paul, Stewart,
Warren, Lundt, Carshore, Macdonald, Bush, Bell, Hand, Packard,
Maxwell, F. de Seran Dubois, Grueber, Gropen, Churcher, Bennett, Birch,
Cave, Coles, Gardner, Garton, Moreau, Picken, Robeson, Wright, Simpson,
Martin, Mercer, Bruce, and Gilmore.

J. Brierly’s house was behind the chui’ch. It is still inhabited.
Brierly was auctioneer, shopkeeper, and tent maker from 1834 onwards.

In 1848 he had to mortgage the property to Mr. Kew, the Postmaster.
He, his brother, and both their families escaped in the boats to Cawnpore,
and were killed by the mutineers. He was a well-known resident ; for
he was in command of one of the boats, and is several times mentioned in
the Mutiny account. In 1859 the ruins of the house and shop were
bought by Mr. Durand, tent maker.

Opposite Briefly ’s place lived the Hine family. Wilfrid Hine (buried
in Kasim Bagh cemetery) owned two houses. He lived actually on the
site of the Inspection Bungalow of the Public Works Department. The
house next door he sold to Edmond Jennings, shopkeeper, for Rs. 1,500
in 1840. This house has disappeared, and the space is empty. Jennings’
father lived in Cantonments in 1829. They both were traders. A Mrs.
Jennings in 1834 lived on the Company Garden site.

Next to Jennings was Joseph Morgan, the auctioneer and shopkeeper.
The house still stands in fine condition. Morgan was boi*n in Fatehgarh
in 1791, and left just before the Mutiny, selling out to S. Mercer.
Exactly opposite on the other side of the road was the bungalow of J. C.
Pyle, the manager of the flourishing mineral water factory. South of
Morgan’s property was a building used as a hospital. The Military
Police occupied it as their headquarters in 1858, since it had not been
damaged in the Mutiny, This Police unit was named the “Fatehgarh
District Police Battalion.” Its first commandant was Lieutenant G. R.
Hennessey. The place is called at present “ Shora ki Kothi,” and for
many years was used as a salt refinery. It is falling into ruin.

The last compound on this side, stretching up to the railway line,
was that of Mr. Ives, the tent maker. There were really two compounds,
the first of which had three factory buildings in it. A few wells are to
\ye seen, which belong to them. He and his family escaped in the boats
from the Fort, and were massacred .at Cawnpore. In the Urdu records
his name is written “ AIB Sahib,” .an example of the difficulty of identi-
fying old residents.

Opposite Ives’ factory was a garden, and south of the garden stood
the bung.alow of John Clark, (merchant), first mentioned in 1821. In
1836 the house certainly belonged to Mrs. Francis Ives; for she mortgaged

it for Rs. 900 to Kanhaya Lai, and states in the deed that she bought it
from Dr. Neil, a regimental surgeon It continued to be known as
Clark’s house notwithstanding. After the Mutiny it became the local
Masonic Lodge, called in the Vernacular the “ Jadughar,” or house of
magic. There are no traces of this place left. The road continued to
Rakha, and had no other houses in it.

CHAPTER V.

TOMBS AND MONUMENTS.

D uring the earliest period burials were often made in the compound
of the house. Accordingly thei'e were two such burials at Fateh-
garh. Near the site of the old Club is a small enclosure beneath a
tamarind tree of some age, containing a tomb in Mohamedan fashion,
which is obviously that of a Christian, since apart from the epitaph its
direction is east and wes^ Its good preservation is due to the l)earer of
the old Club, who always had it placed in order at the time of annual re-
pairs. The inscription is : “ Sacred to the memory of Catherine P. who
departed this life on the ^^5th August in the year of our Lord 1798, aged
86 years.”

The name should be Catherine Paul, ami she belonged to the family
of a trader, named Laurence Paul, who came here about 1777 during the
settling of the Temporary Brigade into its new quarters. There is little
notice of this family in the records, .and Paul seems to have died almut
1810. He came out to India in a French ship in 1776, and may be
related to the Paul family of Calcutta. A Doctor Thomas Paul died at
Calcutta in 1746, and three ladies of the family married Bengal Civilians,
one of whom was the G. F. Cherry murdered at Benares in 1799. In 1790
Paul w.as appointed attorney for one Da Souza of Calcutta, who had pro-
cured the arrest of an absconding agent, named Hynne. Hynne had been
entrusted with a boat load of merchandise and wines to sell at Patna, but
finding the opportunity good, fled to Fatehgarh, and set up shop in the
Cantonment bazar. On Hynne’s arrest by the Officer Commanding, Paul
took over the shop, and settled Da Souza’s affairs. The Pauls, apart from
this, can only be traced in the Registrar’s Office at Fatehgarh. They
owned two bungalows in the locality, residing in that which subsequently
housed the library of the old Club up to 1925. South of this bungalow
the foundations of the other can still be traced in the compound of No. 4
Bungalow, and opposite No. 20. The tomb of Catherine Paul was thus

midway between the two. Laurence Paul’s daughter-in law sold both
properties in 1849 to the Revd. Gopinath Nande of the American Pres-
byterian Mission. She is styled Musammat Jaube Paul in the sale deeds,
and after this date all trace of her is lost.

The oldest tomb in Fatehgarh is in the compound of the District
Courts, It is a tall square monument by the roadside, and bears this
inscription : “ Sacred to the memory of Thomas Hamilton Esq., Head

Surgeon, who died l$2th August A. D. 1788, aged about 50 years. This
monument is erected by Major S. Farmer, Executor.” Both Hamilton
and Farmer joined the Company’s service in 1768. Hamilton was the
first Head Surgeon of the General Hospital, set up by order of Govei*n-
ment in 1786, and he arrived at Fatehgarh early in 1787. The bank of
the Ganges was at that time lined by private residences, where now are
the District Courts; and Hamilton’s tomb was probably made in the
compound of the house, which he inhabited. Farmer’s court-martial in
1788 has been noticed. In 1787 he commanded the 23rd Battalion of
Sepoys. He died at Cawnpore in 1794. His wife had the quaint names
of “ Susanna Robiniana Brown.”

The old Fort cemetery is the chief landmark of local history. Like
all cemeteries of the period, it is overcrowded. A profusion of clumsy
obelisks and pyramids presents itself to the eye, and serried ranks of
monuments are overlooked by Colonel Hickman’s memorial, which with
its dome and columns is not without a certain dignity of its own. Less
damage than might have been expected was committed in the Mutiny.
It will be noticed that, while the tombs themselves are still in their
original condition, some tablets, bearing epitaphs of the dead, have been
removed from the niches which contained them. These tablets, which
were of more enduring stone, and were inserted into a side of the tomb
after its construction, were deliberately picked out by the mutineers to
be used as stones for grinding curry powder. According to the
inscriptions by the sculptors, which are always to be found in the bottom
righthand corner of the tablet, the stone employed for tombs and tablets
came from Calcutta, Chunar, and Agra. The earliest decipherable
inscription is on a tablet of 1806, and indicates the sculptor to have

been “George Delmedick.’' Unfortunately the place of origin is not
given. From 1819 up to 1885 a firm named Llewelyn & Co., or
Simpson and Llewelyn, or J. Llewelyn & Co., of Calcutta, furnished the
stone for the epitaphs, usually of a blue colour. One or two tablets,
notably the fine one pertaining to the tomb of Colonel Hickman (1828),
are by T. Flaw. After 1840 stone was procured from T. D’Gruyther of
Chunar, certainly a relation of the Deputy Collector of that name, who
resided in Fatehgarh at the time, and from Blanchett and Suntook of
Agra. Other variations of this latter firm were Blanchett k Co., and
Suntoke and Son.

Many tablets, chiefly relating to eighteenth century burials, have
been affixed to the cemetery walls ; but there are still a great many tombs,
which cannot be assigned to any particular burial, although the names of
all those persons who have been interred in this spot since 1777, are
known. In most cases details of their lives and services have been obtained
from Mr. Blunt’s “ Christian Tombs in the U, P.”, and from Major
Hudson’s “ List of Officers of the Bengal Army ”. A list of the memorial
inscriptions, which are to be seen in the cemetery, will first be given.

The following inscriptions Nos. 1 to 18, were picked up and affixed
to the cemetery wall after the Mutiny.

1. “To the memory of R. Cherry 1829. Aged

also also ”

Robert Cherry was married to Elizabeth Ball on the 21st
April 1829. Nothing further is known about him.

2. “ Sacred to the memory of Captain B. Rose, who departed
this life on the 8th September 1801, aged 86 years.”

Captain in the 7th N. 1. This regiment under Lieut.-
Colonel J. Morris had been employed all the preceding year in
reducing local forts, erected by rebellious landholders.

8. “ Here lieth the remains of James Mercer Esq. Born

December 1788. Died 17th June 1858 in his 64th year. A resident
of 37 years of this place.”

Mercer was merchant, registrar, sudder amin or bailiff,
subordinate judge in 1888, and for a time acted as the Judge of

Mainpuri. He was an integral part of the life of the station in
the thirties and forties. The registers show that, while be
registered the transactions of others, he himself was no less busy
in buying and selling. He lived, 1823 to 1828, at Kasim Bagh ;
behind No. 4 Bungalow ; and lastly on the Ganges Bank, near
Ghatia Ghat.

4. “ In memory of Major William Russell wo departed

Not identified.

5. “ Sacred to the memory of Arthur Evelyn, 4th son of
Frederick and Ann Buller.”

F. P. Buller, B. C. S., was District Judge 1852-56. He
lived in the present Judge’s house, and then in Maharaja
Dhuleep Singh’s house in the Park.

6. “ Sacred to the memory of George Claude, son of Captain
Boileau, Artillery, and Sarah his wife, who died 16th December 1843,
aged 11 months.”

Captain Boileau, 1806-88, afterwards Major-General.

7. “ Sacred to the memory of Mary Morgan, wife of Joseph

Morgan who departed this life on the 6th April 18 aged 24

years. This monument is erected by her afflicted husband in com-
memoration of an affectionate wife.”

Joseph Morgan, auctioneer and shopkeeper, married Mary
Mathews in 1813 at Fatehgarh. His house stands today in the
Circular Road. He was the son of Joseph Morgan, a carpenter
and native of Philadelphia, U.S.A., who first appeared at
Fatehgarh in 1790, and in 1807 was buried in the Fort cemetery.
He was doubtless the first American inhabitant of the Station.
Joseph Morgan, junior, was bom in 1791. At the age of four
years he was baptised by the Revd. Tho. Clarke along with three
of his sisters, Mary (aged three), Elizabeth (aged two), and
Hannah (aged one), on the 5th April 1795. Mary was married
to P. Marks of the 4th Coy. 2nd Bn. Artillery in 1806 ; Hannah
at the early age of thirteen became the wife of John Swinkman,

a comrade of Marks; and lastly Elizabeth in 1810 was married
to Friedrick Han of the J3rd Coy., 1st Bn. Artillery. Joseph
lived on at Fatehgarh for many years. He is last mentioned in
the records of 1846. A son of his, named Charles Morgan,
married Martha Cray in 1844.

8. To the memory of Mr. Samuel Skardon, who died October
.‘30th, 17H8 A.D., aged 57 years. This tomb was erected by his
friend, Captain Richard Ramsay.”

Skardon was a Deputy Commissary in the Ordnance Depart-
ment, who received a brevet commission as lieutenant-fireworker in
the artillery. One of his daughters married Lieut.-Col, Warton,
whose tomb is near Kanauj, (see end of chapter), and the other,
Mary, married Captain Ramsay, who acquired some notoriety for
deserting the Army after the battle of Bitaurah in 1794.

9. ‘‘To the memory of Master Thos. Chas. Pearse, son of Mr.
Garratt Pearse who died February S5th, A, D. 1789, in the .‘3rd year
of his age.”

Pearse was a conductor in the Ordnance Department, appoint-
ed in 1786.

10. “ To the memory of Captain Goodwin Warner, 2nd Batt,
22nd Regt. N. I., who departed this life on the 2nd of January Anno
Dom. 1812, aged 62 years.”

Cadet in 1794.

11. “Herein w,as deposited the remains of William Henry
Royle, late Captain in the H. C’s. Service which he served 2.6 years
with fidelity, bravery and honor; he died October 29th, 1806, in his
40th year. This is erected to his memory by his afflicted wife, who,
after nine years of uninterrupted felicity, now, with four children, is
left to mourn his loss and tender goodness of heart and many amiable
qualities. As it endeared so is he regretted by his family and friends
with due submission to the will of Him who gave and has taken away.”

William Henry Royle, 1766-1806. Appointed cadet 1782.
Served in various regiments until he became Captain ii? the 1/lOth
N. I. Second Mahratta War, 180.5-6. In 1804 he raised the

l/25th at Fatehgarh, a regiment called ‘‘ Rayle ki paltan ” after
his name.

12. “ To the memory of Lieutenant Colonel Leod. Simpson,
2nd Batt. 2nd Regt., who died on the 7th June 1806 in the 49th
year of his age. As a commanding officer he was esteemed and
respected, and in his death all the officers of his corps lament the
loss of a most sincere friend. ’

Cadet 1776. Commanded the 4th Brigade in 1804-.5 during
Ijord Lake’s campaign.

IB. Sacred to the memory of Captain Wm. Reynolds late of
the sixth Regt. B. N. I., who died in the thirty-first year of his age,
lamented for his talents and his virtues.”

William Reynolds, (1784-1815). Civil Architect for the
Westeim Provinces of Bengal from 18 J 2.

14. “ Sacred to the memory of H. C. O’Dowda, of the 48th
B. N. 1., Acting Adjutant of the 4th Punjab Rifles, who having been
preserved by God’s mercy through the whole of the memorable siege
of Lucknow in the year 1857, died at Fatehgarh on the 20th
January 1858, at the early age of 18 years, 8 months and 17 days.

See No. 44 for a slightly different inscription on the tomb
of this officer. Ensign 1855. Born at Calcutta. Educated at
Brighton. The son of a Barrister-at-law.

15. “ Sacred to the memory of Major Francis Hodson, who
leparted this life on April 27th, 1797.”

The name should be Hodgson. Cadet 1770. Captain, 3rd
Bengal European Bn. 1787. Left two sons, both of whom became
officers in the Army.

16. “ Erected to the memory of the Revd. H. P. Stacy, D. D.,
F, L. S., Chaplain in the Bengal Establishment, who departed this
ife at Fattughur on the 7th day of November in the year of Our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and seven, aged 47 years. By his
ifflicted widow.’*

17. A fragment of the tablet of Colonel Mountain’s tomb,
see below).

18, ‘" Sacred to the memory of Colonel Armine Siincoe Henry
Mountain, C. B. and A, C. D. to the Queen, Adjutant- General
H. M’s. Forces in India, who died at Futtygurh on the 8th February
1854.”

The following infscriptions are affixed to undamaged tombs,

19. "" Armine Simcoe Henry Mountain. Col. and Adjt.-
General. February 1854. In memory of a loved husband to
replace the memorial erected A. D. 1854 by the Commander-in-Chief
and the Head- Quarter Staff and destroyed A. 1). 1857 during the
rebellion of the Bengal Army.”

Of Huguenot origin Col. Mountain was born at Quebec
in 1797. He received a commission as ensign in the 96th
Regiment in 1815. After serving with the 52nd and the 76th,
he arrived in India in 1829 with the 26th Cameronians, a
regiment which he eventually commanded. His aptitude and
proficiency as a soldier marked him out for early promotion. He
was Adjutant-General to the China Expeditionary Force in
1840, and was wounded during the operations. After some ?tay
in England he returned to India in 1847 to take up the appoint-
ment of Military Secretary to Lord Dalhousie. The following
year saw the outbreak of the second Sikh War. Col. Mountain’s
ability was recognised by the conferment upon him of the
command of the 4th Brigade, which he led through the actions
of Chillianwalla and Gujrat. He was afterwards selected for
the post of Adjutant- General in India.

The circumstances of his untimely death will be found in
the memoir of Col, Mountain, which was published later by his
widow. It was she who replaced the stone over the grave in the
Fort cemetery. Fragments of the old stone, which was smashed
in the Mutiny, will be found affixed to the cemetery wall, and
close by the grave. It appears that in January 1854, while on
tour with Sir William Gomm, the Commander-in-Chief, Col.
Mountain fell ill on the road l)etween Cawnpore and Fatehgarh.
On reaching Fatehgarh he was taken to the house (now the

too

Officer’s Mess) of Doctor Login, the guardian of Maharaja
Dhuleep Singh, where he died on the 8th February.

The funeral was publicly celebrated. Army Headquarters'
clerks carried the coffin from the house door to the Park gates,
find again from the gate of the Fort to the grave. A gun car-
riage served as bier over the intervening road. The Union Jack,
which had hung at half-mast before the Commander-in-Chief’s
tent on the camping ground, was the pall. The bands of the 2nd
Grenadiers and the 28th Regiment played Handel’s funeral march
alternatively during the progress. The Headquarters staff, all
military forces in Fatehgarh and the favourite charger, ridden
through the Sikh War, followed in the procession. The route
was lined by thousands of the populatiogti. The Rev. J. Kellner,
chaplain of Mainpuri, read the service ; and while three volleys
were fired. Sir William Gomm and Maharaja Dhuleep Singh stood
by the grave side. Besides this monument, a brass tablet was set
up in the Church at Simla, and a window was dedicated to
Colonel Mountain’s memory in a church at Quebec.

20. In memory of Lieut. Stuart Douglas, H. M. 82nd Rcgt.,
who died at Fiittygurh, lOth January 1858.”

The 82nd Regt. (2nd Bn. The Prince of Wales’s Volunteers,
South Lancashire) took over guard of the Fort from 10th

January to 25th April 1858, relieving the 8th Foot. The

regiment under Colonel Hale was part of the force under Sir

Colin Campbell, which after the battle of the Kali Nadi,

re-occupied Fatehgarh on the 8rd January. Lieutenant Stuart
thus died on the day his regiment marched into the Fort.

21. To the memory of William Allan, son of Deer.

1st 1882, 8th 1888.”

Not identified.

22. “Sacred to the memory of C’aptn. Samuel Woodcock of
the 5th Regt. N. I., who departed this life the 17th of May 1828, aged
40 years,”

The 5th Regt. N. 1. was not at Fatehgarh in 1828.

101

as. To the memory x>f Lieutt.>Col. Wni. Cuppage, a worthy
man and good officer, who served the East India Company faithfully
and honourably for 38 yeai-s. Died 1st July 1819. Aged 58
years.’'

William Cuppage entered the service in 1781.- Deserved
ill the 4th Mysore War, and was invalided in 1815 as Lt.-Colonel
of the i2^ind N. I. He commanded the Farrukhabad Provincial
Battalion from 1815 until his death. He was godfather of J.R.
Madden of the Clothing Agency, who was killed in the Mutiny.
J2J4. ‘‘ Sacred to the memory of Myra Elenora, the beloved and

esteemed wife of the Rev. P. Hastings. With Christian resignation
and firm though humble confidence in the mercy of God, this excellent
young woman closed her mortal life Jany. 13th Anno Domini IHJ^O.
Aged 19 years.”

Mr. Hastings was sent from Cavvnpore in Octolier 1819 to
act as chaplain, while the Church was being built. After the death
of his wife he was transferred to Calcutta.

^5. To the memory of Lieutt.-Col. Gregory Hickman,
E. I. C. S., who after a service of 45 years died the 11th May 185^8.
Aged 70. This monument is erected by the Society of Futty Ghur
as a mark of their unqualified res|)ect, admiration and esteem for the
many amiable qualities of their deceased friend.

Lt.-Colonel Hickman, 1758-1828, was an Ensign in 1785.
He was invalided in 1818 as Lt.-Colonel of the 1/lst N. 1.
After serving as Superintendent of invalids at Chittagong, he
was appointed to the command of the Farrukhabad Provincial
Battalion in 1825. He left two sons, both officers in the
Army.

26. '‘To the memory of the late Lieut. M. Blood, 17th Regt.
N. L, who died on 4th June 1831. Aged 36. Erected by the officers
of the 17th Regt.”

One of these officers was the Major Hawthorne, who ejected
Hoskins from a house in Cantonments in 1820, when serving with
the 11th N. L, (see chap. II).

102

27. ‘‘ Sacred to the memory of Louisa, the beloved wife of
Bannatyne W. Macleod, M. D., Superintending Surgeon. Born 31st
Deer. 1801. Died 26th April, 1848.”

There was a tablet to her memory in the old Church.
Doctor Macleod was Civil Surgeon. He received the C. B. in
1850.

28. In memory of W. R. P. Roberts Esq., Engineer to the
G. C. Agency. Died 27th June 1851. Aged 34 years. By I. C. Deb.”

Mr. Roberts was in charge of the steam-engine in the Fort.
The memorial was put up by Isan Chandra Deb, who, for a great
many years before and after the Mutiny, worked as Head Clerk
in the office of the Gun Carriage Agency. One of his descendants
is now in the employ of the B. B. and C. I. Railway, and has a
collection of letters from Agents of the old Factory.

29. ‘‘ Sacred to the memory of David Home Esquire, of the
Civil Service, who departed this life on the 28th of September 1835.
Aetat 29 years.”

He was officiating as Magistrate and Collector at the time.
India 1827-35.

30. ‘‘To the memory of Ensign John William Tomkins, 1st
Regiment N. I., who departed this life on the 31st May 1834. Erec-
ted by his brother officers and friends at the station in testimony of
their esteem and regard for his many amiable qualities.”

Joined the service in 1829.

31. “ Sacred to the memory of M. Anne Printzling who died on

the year of her age. This tribute ”

Died 23rd April 1838, aged 62 years. Not identified.
C. H. G. Printzling, a Dane, was Magistrate at Serampore in
1817. Serampore was originally under the Danish East India
Company.

32. “ Sacred to the memory of Anna Robertson Stewart,
daughter of Robert and Mary Stewart, who departed this life on the
2nd day of July in the year of Our Lord 1821, aged 3 months and 29
days.”

The Stewart family started indigo planting in the District
in 1787, and appealed in the annual lists of the residents up to
18B6.

38. “ Sacred to the memory of Mrs. Sarah Jeffreys, late wife of

the Reverend Richard Jeffreys, Chaplain of this station, who possessed
of all the exterior qualities which adorn her sex was still more distin-
guished by the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit which in the sight
of God is of great price. For excellent talents and endowments she
chose as the sphere of action an nnremitted and exemplary attention
to the health and improvement of her children, fourteen of whom
survived her. From this no outward solicitations could withdraw her,
but opportunities of more extended good which that she was diligent
to seek out and employ many instances of well-directed benevolence
as well in this as in her native land can testify. Having these fruits
of a lively faith yet trusting solely in the merits of a Redeemer, an
example of true humility, she rested in peace on the 5th day of June
1808. Aged 41 years. Secure in the assent which in present
memory attends on this narrative of the truth her afflicted survivor
records for thy sake, stranger, who shalt come after, that thou mayest
consider how blessed are they who die in the Lord and that following
the example of them thou mayest partake of that crown of righteous-
ness which the Lord, the righteous, shall give them at his appearance.”

Revd. R. Jeffreys, chaplain 1808-09. He read the burial
service himself on the 6th June.

34. In memory of Amy, daughter of George and Frances Ives.
Born December 20th, 1833. Died October 1st, 1840.”

George Ives commenced indigo planting in 1830. Failing
to succeed at this, he set up a tent factory in the Circular Road,
on the western side of which the walls of his compound ai*e still
to be seen. He became agent of the North-West Dak Company,
and responsible for the despatch of parcels and mails. The whole
family was killed at Cawnpoi’e in the Mutiny. Thei^ were two
other daughters besides Amy. One was married to J. E. L.
Willows in 1846, and the other was killed at Cawnpore.

104

J55. “ In memory of Mrs. Catherine Bush who departed this life

on the 5^nd of July 1821. Aged 52 years.”

The wife of Thomas Bush, who came in 1791, and joined
Robert Bathurst & Co. A brother, named John Bush, was
partner of Packard & Co. in the thirties in an indigo factory at
Mehndi Ghat, near Kanauj. Thomas Bush lived in a small house
at the southern end of the Civil Station, overlooking the temple
by the golf links.

86. “ Sacred to the memory of Charles Colinson Black-
burn Esqre., who died on the 29th Septr. 1828. Aged 80
years.”

Indigo manufacturer. Blackburns were planting indigo in
Bengal in the eighteenth century.

87. “ In memory of John George Blackburn. Died 9th July
1829. Aged 18 months.”

.88. “ In this grave arc deposited the sacred remains of William

Rennell Esquire, late of the Civil Service, who departed this life on
the 26th day of July 1819 in the 89th year of his age.”

Collector of Customs, 1816-19. In the records there is
a letter from the Govcrnor-in-Council at Calcutta, deploring his
death.

89. Here lie the remains of Robert Carshore Esquire, a
merchant long known and respected at this station, who departed this
life on the 18th day of April 1821. Aged 54 years 7 months and 1 1
days.”

One of the oldest civilian residents at Fatehgarh. He came
in 1782, and began business as a cloth merchant. A hamlet of
Naukhanda village, named Kissoreganj, 1^ miles from the
District Jail, perpetuates his name, for here later on he set up his
indigo vats and factory. He lived in No. 7 Bungalow, and was
a partner of Thomas Churcher, whose house was next door, on
the site of the present Officers’ Mess. After his death the
family’s fortunes declined, and in 1887 his son Joseph had to
earn his living as a clerk.

105

40. “ To the memory of Colonel John Powell, who died on the
14th Jan. 1804 in the forty -sixth year of his age. This
monument is erected by his ever affectionate brother Peregrine
Powell.”

1758-1804. Arrived in India 1770. He rose to command
the 8th, and then in 1803 the 19th N. I. He served throughout
the operations in the Jumna Doab, 1803, and the second
Mahratta War. He commanded the 4th Infantry Brigade of
Lord Lake’s Grand Army at the end of 1803, when he fell ill.
He died at Fatehgarh “ of fatigue after Lord Lake’s campaigns.”

41. “Sacred to the memory of Lieutt. Alexander Burrowcs of
the 10th Bn. of Sepoys who fell JsiOth June 179^ in the execution of
his duty.”

A letter from Cawnpore dated 4th July 179J2 gives details
as follows : “ A very melancholy circumstance lately hap^xjned

about 13 cos from Farrukhabad. Lieut. Burrowes was sent from
Futtyghur with his Coy. of Sepoys, accompanied by Lieut.
Loveday with his Coy. to apprehend a zemindar who had stopped
some boats belonging to Col. Stuart’s detachment. Lieut.
Burrowes in his zeal to perform the service, exposed himself
imprudently and was shot in the zaniindar’s compound, where he
had pushetl his way.”

42. “ Here rests the body of St. Leger Hayward Gillnian

Major of Brigade, departed this life on the 18th October 1795.”

1758-1795. Ensign in 1778. Belonged to the 2nd Bn.
Sepoys in 1787. He was Brigade- Major at Fatehgarh, and a
Brevet-Captain when he died.

43. “ Sacred to the memory of H. L. Davies Esq., Surgeon of
the H. Comp. Med. Est. who died 21st July 1818, aged 43 years.
This monument is erected by his afflicted wife on her leaving the
station as a last tribute due to the memory of an affectionate and in-
dulgent husband.”

It is doubtful if he was Civil Surgeon. He is not mentioned
in the records.

100

44. Sacred to the memory of Lieut. H. C. O’Dowda, 40rd
IL N. L, Actg. Adjt. Punjab Rifles, who having been preserved
by God’s mercy throughout the Siege of Lucknow in the year 1857,
died at Futtygurli on tlie ^Otii January 1858, at the eai’ly age of 18
years 8 months and 18 days, esteemed an<l regretted by all who knew
him.”

4Brd B. N. L should be 48th B. N. L (see No. 14).

45. “ The grave of Mary Jane, the devoted and beloved wife of
Colonel Frank Turner, C. B., Royal Bengal Artillery. Bom 16th
September 18$i5. Died 25th January 1862.”

This burial was the last to take place in the Fort cemetery.

46. “ Sacred to the memory of Susannah Lundt who departed
this life on the fourth day of October 1819, aged 70 years.”

John Lundt, her husband, came as an indigo planter in
1787. In 1802 Christian Lundt was a musician, and resided at
Fatehgarh with a brother, who was a shopkeeper. The family
had left by 1821. At the beginning of the nineteenth century
the Fatehgarh theatre was in full swing, and there would be
ample employment for a professional musician. The tomb was
erected by Susannah laindt’s executors. Sergeants John Cawood
and Luke Kellan. The Cawood family settled permanently in
Fatehgarh, and John Cawood ’s son perished in the Mutiny.

47. Sacred to the memory of Lieutt. John Brown Robinson,
61st Regt. B. N. Infy. who died at Futty Ghur, on the 2nd June
18f30, in the 25th year of his age.”

Born in 1805. He was the Adjutant of the Farrukhabad
Provincial Battalion from 1829.

48. Sacred to the memory of George Thomas, the infant son
of Capt. Reynolds, 63rd Regt., who departed this life on the 1st
November 1826, aged 4 months and a day.”

Captain Thomas Reynolds, (1788-1873).

49. “ Saci*ed to the memory of..,,..iam Morris ”

Not identified.

107

50. “ To the memory of Captain Eklward Clayton, 5th N. Regt.,
who departed this life on the 16th of November 1799, aged 46 years.”

Arrived in India 1778. Lieutenant in the 5th Bn. of
Sepoys in 1787.

51. “ To the memory of Eliza Morton, who died 11th Sept.
1828, aged 14 months.”

52. ‘‘Sacred to the memory of William Morton Es((r. Died

April, 1829. Aged 42 years.”

William Morton came in 1822, and set up business in the
Circular Road as a “ free trader ”. He actjuired some property
in Kaimganj Tahsil.

53. “ Sacred to the memory of Robert Dowlin. Died

Sept. 27th 1791.”

Assistant to the Paymaster. He was at Calcutta in 1790.

54. “ Sacred to the memory of Mrs. Eliza Birch, who departed
this life on the 16th of August 1840.”

Mrs. Eliza Birch was Miss Elizabeth Blake, daughter of
Robert Blake, Assay Master of the Mint, She was married on
the 26th March 1809. Her sister, Sarah, married Lieutenant
Thomas Marshall, Artillery, in February 1813. She was a
Eurasian. Stephen Birch was an interesting military adventurer,
who settled permanently in Fatehgarh between 1805 and 1809.
He served under George Thomas, and under Perron in Scindia’s
army. In 1803, he went over to the East India Company’s
service, and was in receipt of a pension of Rs. 300, per mensem.
He sei’ved under Lord Lake at the siege of Delhi in 1804, with a
Battalion of najibs from Panipnt. He died at Fatehgarh in 1844.
Further details of this family will be found in the notice of No.
12 Bungalow (chap. VII) in which Stephen Birch resided, and
in “ Fatehgarh and the Mutiny ”.

55. “ Mata, Constable. Born 13th May 1792. Died 4th
Septr. 1793.”

The daughter of Lieut.-Colonel George Constable, 1756-
1836. His service )3egan in 1781, and he took part in opera-

108

tions in the Carnatic. He first arrived in Fatehgarh with a
company of artillery in 179^, and was on and off in the station
for many years. In 1800 he commanded the Artillery corps,
and with the Fatehgarh detachment joined the Grand Army of
Lord Lake in 1800 at Kanauj, taking part in the Jumna Doab
Mud War ” during the winter of that year. It is said that he
was wounded in the stomach by a cannon ball ! He was well
known at Woolwich, and improved the casting of guns there.
He died in London.

5(). Robert William Grant, son of Robert and Elizabh.
Grant. Born May J^Oth, 1790, Calcutta. Died Septr. 17th, 1790,
Futtehghurr.”

Robert Grant came in 1787, as Paymaster and Commissary
of Bazars. He was still serving at Fatehgarh in 1798, A
daughter was bom at Fatehgarh in 1795, and another in
1790.

57. “ Robt. Henry Douglas Act. 6 men. Obiit. 17th Septbr.
1789.”

Not identified.

58. “ Sacred to the memory of Ensign Chas. Rawnsley of the
1st Batt. 18th Regt. N. 1. who deptd. this life the 4th of July
1811 .”

Ensign is a mistake. He was a lieutenant, having been
probably promoted just before his death. Born 1786.

59. “ To the memory of his beloved wife, Caroline, who died

on the December 1851 in the 99th year of her age, this has

been erected by Major John Halkett Craigie, J20th Regt. N. I.,
Commanding Regt. Kelat-i-Ghilzie.”

1805-1870. Afterwards Major-General and C. B. Arrived
in India 18J2JiJ. Served in the first Burma, Arakan, and first
Afghan Wars. He was present at the battle of Maharajpore,
and took part in operations on the N. W. Frontier.

60. ‘‘ Sacred to the memory of Eleanor, the beloved wife
of Lieutt. and Adjtt. S. B. Cookson, Khilat-i-Ghilzie Regt.

lot)

who departed this life on the i^Oth Septeiid>er 1849, aged 82
years.”

Lieutenant Cbokson, 78rd N. I., was second in coininand in
1852.

()1. “To the memory of Major Robert Wroiighton, ()9th N. I.,
who departed this life at Futtighurgh on the 14th February 1850,
aged 52 years, this monument is erected.”

(1797-1850). Major on the Invalid Establishment.

02. “ Sacred to the memory of Harriet Alicia, only daughter of

Charles Elliot Esq., who departed this life the 28rd September 1811.
Aged 1 year 8 months and 10 days.”

Charles Elliott was Judge and Magistrate from 1810 to
1818. He was living in No. 20 Bungalow, wlien it was struck
by lightning and destroyed on the 5th July 1812.

08. “ Sacred to the memory of Mrs. Eliza Gamon, who depart-

ed this life October 18th 1812, aged 21 years. Erected by her fond
father L.-Col. Rutledge.”

Colonel Francis Rutledge, 1700-1817 was Lt.-Colonel com-
manding the l/8rd N. I., in 1812, and also Officer Command-
ing, Fatehgarh. He was a cadet in 1778, and saw active
service in the Bundelkhand campaign of 1809. He was
transferred as Colonel to the 20th N. I., and died at
Barrackpore. His son, Francis, 1787-1871, was a Major of
the 88th N. I. Tho. Gamon (1789-1818) was Lieutenant
28rd N. I. Died at Betul, C. P., in 1818.

04. “ To the memory of Bernard Reilly Esciuire, Surgeon to

the Civil Establishment at Futtygurh, who departed this life on the
24th day of November, 1816.”

Doctor Reilly was Civil Surgeon, 1808-1816.

65. “ Sacred to the memory of Mr. Rich. Wivell, son to Mr.

Condr. Jas. Wivell, who departed this life on the 6th of Novem-
ber 1818, aged 17 years.”

James Wivell was a conductor in the Ordnance Department,
and attached to the Gun Carriage Agency, He left before 1820.

110

66. Sacred to the memory of Frederick Hogan Halliday, the
beloved infant son of Elizabeth and Cornelius Hickie. Born 16th
July 1854. Died 17th November 1855.”

Not identified. Mrs. Hickie was a Miss Halliday.

67. Sacred to the memory of Esther, the infant daughter of
Josh, and fJiarlte. Brierly, residing at Futteh Ghur, who died on

5th July 18 Aged 1 year 1 month and ”

The two brothers, Joseph and Richard Brierley, came to
Fatehgarh in 1880. Joseph succeeded in business, and Ijecame
the recognised leader of the trading community in the Circular
Hoad. He was tent manufacturer, auctioneer, boat agent, coach
builder, and shopkeeper. He lived behind the old Church, and
his house, which has been rebuilt, is still inhabited. Richard, the
younger brother, was a clerk in the Collector’s Office. The
fortunes of this family in 1857 will be found described in
‘‘ Fatehgarh and the Mutiny ”.

68. “ Sacred to the memory of Sarah, the infant daughter of
Joseph and (Charlotte Brierley, who departed this life on the J2J2nd of
May 1881. Aged 1 year 10 months and 11 days.”

69. Sacred to the memory of Jane Grace, the beloved wife of
Staff Sergeant E. F. Finlay, Clothing Department, who departed this

life on the Ji6th May 1846, aged 18 years and months. May
she rest in peace. Amen.”

E. F. Finlay and his sister were killed in the Mutiny.

70. “ Sacred to the memory of Caroline, the beloved daughter
of Capt. and Mrs. McCausland, who departed this life on the 81st
October 1841, aged 2 years and 11 months.”

Captain J. K. McCausland was temporarily in command of
the Nassiri Battalion, (now 1st Gurkha Rifles). Afterwards
Lt.-General and a C. B,

71. ‘ “ Sacred to the nieniory of Andrew Fraser, who departed
this life the 81st of October 1815- Aged 2 years 11 months
ami J^8 days. He was the only son of the late Major Andrew
Fraser of the ^5th Regt. N. I. This monument is erected by

Ill

his afflicted mother as a proof of her fondness for a beloved

child.’’

Major Fraser died at Midnapore in 181J2.

72. “ Sacred to the memory of Arme Elizabeth, the beloved
wife of James Maxwell of Mehndy Ghaut, who departed this life on
the 27th February 1846, aged 22 years, 9 months and 15 days.”

Mehndi Ghat on the Ganges near Kanauj was the seat of
many indigo factories. Mrs. Parks in her Wanderings of a
Pilgrim ” mentions that on her reaching Mehndi Ghat in 18J55
one of the Maxwells showed her the ruins of Kanauj. The
Maxwell house and factory were plundered in the Mutiny ; but
the house and indigo vats still remain in good preservation.

73. ‘‘Sacred to the memory of /. r., Sarah Maxwell, the

l)eloved daughter of .lames and Anne Maxwell, who departed this
life on the August 1844 aged years.”

74. “ Sacred to the memoi'y of Ensign Thomas Jones of the
22nd Regiment of Native Infantry, who died at Futtehghiir on the
20th of May 1847 in the twenty-first year of his age, deeply lamented
by his brother officers.”

75. “ Sacred to the memory of John Healy, late Quarter-
master Sergeant, 2nd Nasseeree Battalion, who departed this life on

the 18 aged 30 years and months. This tomb was

erected by his wife who with three helpless children is left to deplore
his loss.”

The 2nd Nassiri Battalion was raised 1815, anfl disbanded
in 1829.

76. “ Sacred to the memory of Mrs. Mary Baxter, much lamented
by her Family and Friends, who departed this life on the 20th day of
December, Anno Domini, 1812, aged 36 years.”

Her husband was a hairdresser at Fatehgarh.

77. “ Here lies the body of Lieutenant Thomas Macfie, who
departed this life on the 6th July 1794 in the 35th year of his age.
Deeply lamented by all to whom his amiable manner and many virtues
were known.”

112

Appointed cadet in 1778.

78. Sacred to memory of Lieutenant-Colonel T. Tudor Tucker
of the late 8th Bengal Light Cavalry ; John Moore Jones Esq. of the
uncovenanted service; and Sub-Conductor John Ahern, Army Clothing
Department, all of whom fell on the 28th and 29th of June, 1857,
whilst nobly defending the Fort of Fatehgarh against an overwhelm-
ing number of mutinous sepoys.”

This slab was erected by Government. All were killed on
the Fort walls within a short distance of their grave, (see “ Fateh-
garh and the Mutiny ” for details). Brevet Lt.-Colonel
Thomas Tudor Tucker was Agent of the Army Clothing Factory
from April 1858. The F'actory was actually on the site of the
present tennis courts in the Company Garden. Colonel Tucker’s
bungalow was alongside of the Factory, and opposite the gate of
the police Superintendent’s house. Many of the trees to be seen
now on this spot were in his garden.

John Moore Jones was not in Government service, and the
inscription is wrong. He started in India as a merchant in
Calcutta, and settled in Fatehgarh as an indigo planter, having
his plantation near the City, and a residence near the Raja of
Tirwa’s house by the new Police Lines. He was born on the 9th
December 1818, and was thus in his 89th year when killed in
the Mutiny. His nephew, Mr. T. Gavin .lones of Cawnpore, has
an interesting photograph of him.

Sub-Conductor Ahern was one of the few expert gunners of
the little garrison. He was killed while serving his gun at the
south-west angle of the Fort, overlooking the wood yard. After
his death his wife took his place in a bastion, and shewed herself
a good rifleshot. She was killed in the massacre at Cawnpore, a
fortnight later. The marrige register of the old Church has this
entry for the 1st January 1850 John Ahern and Lucy Lambert.”

79. Sacred to the memory of William Trigg Garret, Lieu-
tenant in the H. C. Bengal Artillery who departed this life on the
25th July 1888, aged 29 years, deeply an<l sincerely regretted.”

Slid Lieutenant in 1819. Served through the Siege of
Bhurtpore.

80. “ Sacred to the memory of Lieutenant James Fisher, Inter-
preter and Quartermaster 1st Regiment N. L, wiio departed this life
at Fatehgarh on the 3rd January 1835. Erected by his brother
officers and friends in testimony of their esteem and regard.”

Born 1803. Ensign 1824.

81. To Lieutenant C. J. M. Macdowell, 2nd European Bengal
Fusiliers, killed in action against the rebels at Shamsabad 27th
January 1858, whilst second in command of Hodson’s Horse. Erected
by his brother officers as a slight token of their sincere esteem.”

Accompanied Hodscn in his famous ride through the District
on the 30th December 1857 (see page 145 of “Fatehgarh and
the Mutiny ”).

82. “ To the memory of Major Charles Hay Campbell.”

The rest of the inscription is illegible. Major Campbell,
( 1789-1832), was Agent of the Gun Carriage Factory. He died in
1832 after an illness of only a few hours. Arrived in India 1805.
Served with the artillery in the 2nd Mahratta War, Bundelkhand
campaign of 1808, and the siege of Hathras in 1817. Assistant
Secretary to Government, Military Department, in 1819. Agent,
Gun Carriage Factory at Cossipore in 1821, Wrote largely on
sieges, and other professional subjects. Married the daughter of
the Earl of Dunmore, and left 3 sons and 3 daughters. One
daughter was born at Fatehgarh the year before his death.

83. “ Saci*ed to the memory of Major Robert Bell Fulton of the
Regiment of Bengal Artillery, who departed this life on the 11th May
1836, aged 48 years. He was an upright, honourable man, and a
sincere Christian, possessing high professional abilities and distinguish-
ed for those private virtues which endear men to society. This
monument is erected by his brother officei’s and friends in testimony
of their regard and esteem.”

Born 1788. Agent of the Gun Carriage Factory in 1824. In
1832 Agent of the Clothing Factory. Lived in the Company Gai*den.

114

A large number of graves are nameless, and cannot separately be
identified ; but the Army lists, burial registers, and annual East India
registers supply the names of those who were buried here, and in the
graveyard behind the Maude Lines. On the 5th August 1777, the first
year of the Temporary Brigade at Fatehgarh, died Captain George
Dacosta (Ensign 1767), and his interment was probably the first to be
made in the Fort. He heads a long list of the following years :

1777. xMajor William Hessman. He was posted to the command of the
Cavalry Corps. On the 4th November, on his way to Fatehgarh,
he was killed in a “ rencounter,” or duel, with Colonel Ironside
at Kanauj. Major Aiichmuty brought his body to P'atehgarh
the same day.

1781. Lieutenant A. Addie. Died in November. Cadet in 1778.
178.S. Captain J. Dee. Ensign in 1769.

Lieutenant H. Foulis.

1784. Lieutenant A. Gavin.

1785. Lieutenant W. Commine.

1786. Lieutenant- Fireworker J. Neish (artillery).

Lieutenants M. Bradley and S. Braithwaite, who both died on
the 15th October.

1787. Margaret Lynn; Ann Rockett; F. Charles (child); Mary Lowe,
infant daughter of Assistant Surgeon R. Lowe, 1/lst N. 1.

The following forty-two N. C. Os. and privates of the 4th
Euroj)ean Battalion : Hawkins, Willoughby, Donalone, Metcalfe,
Simmons, Jones, Ryley, Campbell, Grenier, Atkinson, Creswell, Smith,
Richards, Simpson, Moreing, Brittony, Holborn, Carty, Hopegood,
Thoroughgood, Rufter, Burns, Luds, Cox, Dupont, Hervie, Barton,
Allen (M), Ryan, Catton, Clifton, Allen (G), Barrat, Le Victorie,
Bradford, Briggs, Barber, Cranston, Connon, Curtes, Foreman, and
Naville.

Six French names will be noticed. One-third of these casualties
were in the 1st and 2nd Grenadier Companies.

Arnot Mui*st ; Thomas Ingram. Matrosses of the 2nd Coy., 1st
Bn. Artillery.

115

A matross ranked next below a gunner. His duty was to help
the gunners in loading and sponging the guns. He carried a firelock,
and marched with the store wagons. The word is said to l)e derived
from the French word, matelot, a sailor.

All these burials of 1787 were performed by Lieutenant J. Gordon,
^nd Regt of Cavalry, who was probably the Station Staff Officer.

1788. Ensign T, Long,

1789. P. Rourke. A matross of the 2nd Company, 1st Bn. Artillery.

1790. Lieutenant T. Connoley ; Ensign T. Marley.

1798. Lieutenaid J. Cullen.

1794. Major L. Smith ; Captain N. Stewart.

Lieutenant J. Gould. Brigade- Major, 6th Brigade.

1796. Lieutenant-Fireworker J . Hope; C'onductor Magee.

1799. Captain C. Smyth.

1800. Captain D. Birrell. 1757-’1800. A cavalry officer. Captain
J, J arret t. 8rd N. I. Ensign in 1778 Lieutenant T. Shbol bred.
1775-1800. 8rd N. 1.

1802. Ensign T. Marston.

1804. Colonel J. Edwards. 1759-1804. 2/4th N. 1. 2nd Mahratbi

War and capture of Aligarh.

Captain A. Burgh, 8th N. 1. 4th Mysore War. Siege of
Seringapatam. Mud War 1808. 2nd Mahratta War. Killed in
action during the retreat of Colonel Monson’s force.

Captain C. Berry. 8th N. 1.

Lieutenant J. Livesay. 1780-1804. 2nd N. 1. Mentioned by
Lieutenant John Pester in “ War and Sport in India.'’

James Thomas Grant. First Judge Magistrate. Improved
Farrukhabad City and local roads. Established the Police force and
set up the first Jail. A very popular officer. Viscount Valentia
stayed with him during his visit to F’atehgarh in 1808, and thought
very highly of him.

L805. Captain T. Staunton, 2nd N. 1. Cadet and Assistant Surgeon
1781. Surgeon with 1st and 8rd Brigades till 1788, when
he resigned medical service. A,-D.-C. to C'oionel Morgan

116

1791-94. Mud War 1803. 2nd Mahratta War. See chapter
XII.

1806. Major A. Fraser. At the time of his death he was command*
ing the 4th Coy., 1st Bn. Artillery. He commanded a
detachment of artillery sent from Bengal in 1793 for service
against French cruisers. The merchants of Calcutta presented
him with a gold hilted sword. Expedition to Macao 1801-02.
Lieutenant J. Cunninghame, 10th N. I.

W. P. Potts. Assistant Judge. He was officiating as Judge
when Holkar raided Farrukhabad in 1804.

1807. Joseph Morgan. Buried 22nd April. A carpenter and native of
Philadelphia, U. S. A. See No. 8 above.

G. Clarke. A matross of the 2nd Coy, 1st Bn. Artillery.

1808. Hannah, the wife of John Slater.

1810. Ensign R. Forrester. l/22nd N. I.

1811. Ensign J. Anderson. 18th N. 1.

1813. William Stacey. Foreman of the Mint. See chapter VII.

An infant daughter of W. P. Wattle. Came to Fatehgarh 1790.
A wealthy money lender and trader. Owned many houses in the
Cavalry Cantonment. See chapter XII

Mrs. D. Cray. Lived in mohalla Hathikhana, behind the
Kotwali, in Fatehgarh Town. Her grand-daughter, Martha, married
Charles Morgan in 1844. See No. 8 above.

1814. John Lewis. A Doctor Lewis lived at this date opposite No. 10
Bungalow, on the southern side of Dorset Road. The compound
is now waste land.

James Urquhart. A partner of Bush, Urquart & Co., traders and
indigo manufacturers.

1817. Robert Blake. 1st Assay Master. Lived in the Mint. See
chapter VII.

1818. Conductor Charles Wade.

1826. Lieut.-Colonel J. Leys. 1785-1826. 29th N. 1. Arrived in
India 1801. Mud War 1803. 2nd Mahratta War 1803-04.
Capture of Java 1811. Operations against the Sultan of

117

Mataram IHlJi. Brigade-Major in Kumaon 1816-19, and in
Malwa 1819-Si^. Died at Fatehgarh on the 14th December.
1828. dauies de Lancey. Bengal Civil Service. Appointed Writer 1822.

In 1827 Register, or Assistant to the Judge, at Fatehgarh.

1881. W. Collins. Deputy Collector. See chapter X.

18.82. Charles Bathurst. Indigo broker. Lived opposite the (’oinpany
Garden.

Patrick Reid. Tentrnaker. Married a Miss Dyce in 1828. She
died at Banda in 1840.

1888. John Mac Arthur. Merchant. Lived behind the present Police
Lines.

1884. Mrs. Isabella Gaumisse. Possibly the name was “ Gomez.”

Members of this family were Government clerks. Two were
murdered on the parade ground in the Mutiny.

188.5. Lieutenant J. D. B. Ellis. 1812-18.85. Arrived in India 1880.

8rd Coy. 8rd Bn. Foot Artillery. See chapter VI, Barhpur.
1886. Colonel C. W. Brooke. Born 1784. Brevet-Colonel 14th N. I.
Ensign 1801. Operations against Dhundhia Khan and capture
of Komona, where he was wounded (1807). Commanded 47th
N. 1. (now 8rd Bn., 7th Rajput Regt.) 1828 to 1885. Appointed
to command the troops in Oudh ” from 8th February 188.5.
Died at Fatehgarh on the 22nd April 1886.

Miss Eliza Skinner. Daughter of Major Robert Skinner, and
niece of Colonel Skinner, C.B., commanding 1st Local Horse. Died
on her way to Hansi, when passing through Fatehgarh.

1889. Mrs. C. Potter. Wife of a military pensioner. Lived next to
No. 14 Bungalow.

1840. Mr. de Ponte, aged 40 years.

1841. A daughter, aged one year, of Edmond Jennings. Jennings was
a merchant, living in the Circular Road. In 18.86 he married
Sophia Jane, one of the sisters of the well known Deputy
Collector, William DeGruyther. He himself died away from
Fatehgarh. His widow and remaining children lived in a house
in the Company Garden. They were all killed in the Mutiny.

118

R. Anderson senior, aged 71 years. He was employed along
with his son in the Army Clothing Factory.

Robert Kemball. Assistant Commissary of Ordnance Depart-
ment, who retired in 1826. He lived in a house to the north of the
present Officers’ Mess. Brother-in-law of John Cray. See 1818 above.
His only daughter, Dolly, was one of the survivors of the Mutiny.

The Kasim Bagh cemetery, surrounded by walls, will be found
behind the Maude IJnes. The mutineers wrought such havoc here that
it is not possible to say when burials commenced ; but from an inscription
of 1825 it is clear that both cemeteries were used simultaneously. Seven
inscriptions only are left, two of which are after the Mutiny.

1. “In memory of John Coulson Pyle. Boi*n 17th Decemlx^r
1807. Died 14th March 1846.”

2. “ Sacred to the memory of Frederick Pyle, son of John
Coulson and Margaret Pyle. Born 16th November 1840. Died 25th
June 1842.”

8. In memory of Margaret, wife of J. C. Pyle, who departed
this life at P\irukabad on the 8th October 1848, aged 29 years 11
months and 8 days.”

J. C. Pyle is mentioned in the records from 1880 onwards.
He was at first a manufacturer of crude saltpetre, l)eing agent
for the then Civil Surgeon, Doctor Jeffreys, who was carrying on
this business as a profitable side line. He lived in the Cmndar
Road, the factory itself being in Naukhanda village, near the
District Jail. In 1840 he became manager of the mineral waters
factory of Kanhaya Lai in the Circular Road.

The Fatehgarh soda water factory merits special notice.
Up to 1880, soda water was imported from Europe, and was
expensive ; and since beer was mostly drunk during the decade
from 1820, there was no great demand for it. Brandy then
supplanted beer, and after 1880 soda water was in greater
request. In 1885, a large concern was started in Fatehgarh
Town, and Pyle became its manager. Fatehgarh then supplied
the whole country around.

Memoirs written in the thirties make mention of the
Fatehgarh so<las. In 1931^ in the course of brick-making opera-
tions on the site of Pyle’s old premises, large quantities of old
fashioned soda water bottles were unearthed. Beyond being
recorded as the inventor of a complicated water pump for the.
use of the Jail, Pyle disappears from view after 1840.

4. “ Sacred to the memory of Coir. Sergeant J, C’lements,
H. M’s. 80th Regt., who departed this life on the JsJ8th April A. 1),
1858, aged 56 years 8 months, leaving a wife and 6 children to
deplore his irreparable loss. Deeply regretted by all who knew him.
This tomb was erected by Paymaster W. Brown, 80th Regt.”

The 80th Regt, is now the iind Bn., The South Stafford-
shire Regiment. A wing of this regiment only arrived in
Fatehgarh on the J^5th April, three days before (Jements died,
having escorted the ('ommander-in-(Jiief’s camp from Cawnpore.
It took over guard of the Fort from the 8^nd Foot.

5. “ Sacred to the memory of Alfred and Charles Alfred, infant
sons of Henry and Maria Babonau, who departed this life on the
iiJ^nd December 18^i5 and on the J^7th September 1 815^7, aged one
year six months ten days, and one year one month and sixteen days.”

Henry Babonau, 1765-1834, was an assistant commissary of
Ordnance, 1818. Deputy Commissary in 1823, when he came
to Fatehgarh. He was a warrant officer, and had been given a
commission as local cornet in the 2nd (Borlase s) Rampura
Local Cavalry in 1818, but reverted to his warrant officer’s rank.
In 1829 he signed a memorial to Government, prepared by the
civilian inhabitants of Cantonments. He died in Calcutta in
1834. Buried in the Bhawanipore cemetery at Calcutta.

6. “ Sacred to the memory of Wilfrid Hine, born 25th April
1789 in the county of Cumberland, England, died at Futtyghur 4th
Feby. 1855, aged 65 years 9 months 10 days, leaving six sorrowing
sons and a large circle of relations and friends.”

Hine was an invalid warrant officer, who made his home at
Fatehgarh. He was originally a conductor in the Ordnance, and

120

figures in the annual registers from 18^2 both as a pensioner
and a merchant. In 1842 he was superintendent of the road-
making operations at Gursahaiganj ; but his accounts being found
in disorder by the Road Committee he was dismissed. The
family lived in the Circular Road, and later on the site of the
Gracey Club in the Company Garden. Two of the sons escaped
in the Mutiny. They were then working as Head Clerk and
Judicial Clerk respectively in the Collector’s office, and made
their way to friendly villages. One of them, W. Hine, was
living in 1880. See Fatehgarh and the Mutiny ” for the
account of their esca|>e.

7. “In memory of Thomas Emmanuel, son of Adam and Emma
Anthony. Born at Allahabad 9th Novr. 18.59 and after a few days
full of trouble mercifully gathered by the Good Shepherd into the fold
above on the 2(ith July 186T.”

There ai*e a few tombs of interest in the District outside Fatehgarh.

1. A brick tomb at Chhibramau by a deserted indigo factory.
Nothing has been discovered as to the identity of the person buried

in it.

2. At Mehndi Ghat on the Ganges, near Kanauj, in the Idgah
enclosure, and close to the old indigo factory are three tombs. The
following is the only legible inscription left. ‘‘ Sacred to the memory
of Matilda, beloved wife of Edward John Chandler, aged 20 years,
J months and 17 days, died 80th August 18.5.5.”

This lady vvas connected with the family of a military
pensioner, named Sergeant-Major Chandler, who lived in No. 14
Bungalow at Fatehgarh. Her husband must have been an assis-
tant in the Maxwell, or Packard factory, close by.

8. On a liill overlooking the spot where the Kali N.adi used to
flow into the Ganges, and two miles east of Serai Miran, is a tall
pyramid with the remains of armorial bearings on its sides. A few
feet to the east of this pyramid is a massive tomb with rounded top,
and some distance to the rear of it is a small tomb, which is al-
most Hat with the ground. These are the tombs of an officer, his

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horse and dog, drowned when crossing the Kali Nadi in flood. In
September 1885 Mrs. Fanny Parks visited this tomb on her way by
boat to Fatehgarh, and in her book “ The Wanderings of a Pilgrim ’’
she describes the officer as a colonel, although she does not give his
name. The pyramid was always whitewashed in those days to serve
as a navigation mark for boats sailing on the Ganges.

The tomb appears to be that of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas
Wharton, who commanded the 5th N. C. He raised this regi-
ment at Ghazipur in 1800. He was drowned in the Kali Nadi on
the 21st January 1802. At the battle of Bitaurah in 1T94 he
was second in command to hLs brother-in-law, Richard Ramsay,
both having married daughters of Samuel Skardon. (See notice
of Samuel Skardon’s epitaph in the Fort cemetery).

4. Sacred to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel John Guthrie
of Kilmarnock in Scotland, a Peer of the Mogul Empire. He was
born the 6th of March 1749, and departed this life on the 18th
October, in consequence of a wound received at the assault on the
Fort of Tateeah, 80th September 1808.”

The tomb is a square block of brickwork, situated in a grove
in sight of the high mound, on which the old fort of Thatia
formerly stood. The Raja of Thatia in Pargana Tirwa refused
to recognise the cession of the District in 1802, and took up arms.
Guthrie commanded the column which reduced the Fort. He
was a cadet in 1771 at the age of 22 years, and, if this date is
correct, he was a rather elderly cadet for those days. He served
through the operations in the Doab in 1776, and the battle of
Korah. He was a captain in the 88rd Bn. of Sepoys in 1787.
He raised the 1/1 6th N. I., a regiment which took his name, and
afterwards became the 8rd Brahmans. This battalion, ‘‘ Guthrie-
ki-paltan ”, was present in the action at Thatia. Guthrie was hit
by a spent ball, and apparently died from lack of proper medical
attention. His tomb is whitewashed annually at the expense of
Government.

CHAPTER VI.

KASIM BAGH, THE OLD JAIL, AND BARHPUR.

H alf a mile south-west of the Fort is Kasim Bagh and its old ceme-
tery, now hidden behind the Regimental Lines. The remains of
the ruined tomb of Kasim Bangash still remain, and it is from this tomb
that the name of the area is derived. Kasim was the father-in-law of
Nawab Mohammad Khan, the Bangash founder of the City. Kasim was
killed on this spot by Hindoo robbers of the Bamtela tribe ; and it was
his murder, which served as a pretext for Nawab Mohammad Khan to seize
the Bamtela lands, and build the City upon them.

Kasim Bagh is an area to the west of the cemetery, at present con-
taining a small dilapidated bungalow, which forty years ago served as an
Indian Infantry hospital, the remnants of some old Indian Infantry lines,
and the railway workshops. Prior to the Mutiny, Kasim Bagh was out-
side the Cantonment, and consisted of a grove surrounded by a wall, and
a compound with house, warehouses, and other appurtenances. This
compact pro[>erfcy was styled Kasim Bagh, and the first owner was Mr.
James Donnithorne, Collector of the District, 1808 to 1817, who grew
strawberries and peaches on it. It then passed into the hands of another
Civilian, Mr. Henry Swetenham, who in 1823, sold the whole property
for Rs. 1,500, to James Mercer. Kasim Bagh deteriorated in value ; and
it does not appear to have been desirable for business purposes. After a
year or two Mr. Mercer, himself a trader amongst other occupations,
transferred the whole area to Messrs. Mackintosh and Co., merchants of
Calcutta, who in their turn let it go for Rs. 500 in 1828 to Mr. James
Carshore. Mr. Carshore was not long owner; for in less than 3 months
he passed on his title to one Babu Gur Mohan for the same sum. Kasim
Bagh’s last appearance in the records was in 1847, when it figured as
security for a loan, and the transaction was registered by its erstwhile
owner, Mr. James Mercer. The grove and its wall has gone. The tomb
has nearly gone, and save for an insignificant thatched bungalow and a
hamlet near the railway, there are no signs of this property to be seen.

12B

The old Indian Infantry Lines belong to post- Mutiny times, and
were the home usually of two companies from Agra. A short metalled
road, which led to the Quarter Guard, can still be seen on the north side
of the Qadri Gate Road, before reaching the railway boundary. The
Qadri Gate Road was planted with 1,000 trees by Mr. Middleton (Magis-
trate 1826-29), and in 1834, Mr. Shore, the Magistrate, planted 494
more up to the Qadri Gate.

Kasim Bagh also covers the area of the Railway Engine Shed and
workshops, which date from after 1880. For many years the district
administration was carried on here. It cannot be said where the first
courts were set up; but in October 1807, Government bought two bunga-
lows for Rs. 9,000, both of which were already very old; and as subse-
quent transactions show, they were grossly overvalued. In January 1810
one of them became unfit for use, and was bought at the sale for Rs. 700
by the then Collector, Mr. Donnithorne. This gentleman was exceedingly
astute ; for it was his intention to acquire a property, on which he could
reside in this locality. He built himself a house, which has been described
as a vei’y fine one by the Marquis of Hastings, who stayed in it. The
I’emaining bungalow, which continued to be used as the district offices,
was 30 yards away. Mr. Donnithorne had it condemned in 1814, audits
sale was sanctioned. Mr. Donnithorne was naturally the purchaser at the
moderate price of Rs. 600. Government was suspicious ; but the Collector
graphically describing the horrors of the old building, convinced the
authorities that it was the ground he wanted and not the worthless building.
His reports indicate the extreme discomfort in which officials worked
in those early days. This old court house, he says, had only brick
walls up to the top of the doors. Above that level the walls were mud, the
whole surmounted by thatch. The largest room was 22 feet square, and
300 persons daily tried to get into it. The treasury work was carried on
in a verandah room 22 by 10 feet. The district records and English
letter books were kept in two recesses in the wall. It was only in 1814,
after the building had been sold, that Government allowed the Collector
to buy two cupboards at Rs. 50 each. The district courts were then moved
to the Mint building (see chap. VH), and functioned there up to 1829.

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The result of Mr. Donnithorne’s exertions was a square property
with a residence, extending from the main road in a northerly direction.
The centre of it is now occupied by railway workshops. He resided here
for most of his long term of thirteen years’ office as Collector, and formed
a habitation, which was the object of much admiration to the rest of the
Station. The compound was entered through a large gate house. At the
end of the drive was the mansion itself, described os very extensive and
convenient. The garden around the house was laid out with shrubs and
lawns. In front of it was a square tank, filled with red and green ”
fish, and with a fountain in the middle. A well, with Persian wheel
attached, was another of the curiosities of the garden. The Marquis of
Hastings was well content with this country house, which became the
scene of many princely entertainments. Mr. Donnithorne, too, peacefully
living out his old age at St. Agnes in (^'ornwall, must often have recalled
this spot to his memory, a home of which not a vestige of its former
magnificence now remains aboveground. He left in 1822, and four years
later the property was sold to Mr. Middleton, the Judge. On his transfer
in 1829, the house passed to Sah Behari Lai, by whose name it was known
up to the coming of the Railway. When Mr. Middleton left Fatehgarh
in 1829, and sold the house to Sah Behari Lai, the Collector (Mr. Nisbet)
took the house on a monthly rent of Rs. 1.50 to contain the District offices,
which thus returned from the Mint to the site of their old abode. On Mr.
Nisbet’s departure from the District, the Collector’s office migrated a
second time to the Mint for about three years. In 18^3^3 it became a
cholera hospital during the severe epidemic in September of that year.
From 1834 to 1838 it became for the last time the seat of the District
Courts, and then a private residence. In 1849 the officiating Collector,
Mr. Thompson, was living in it. It was described as a large, square, and
well built house. It lasted down to 1880.

By proceeding in the direction of the City through the railway
quarter, the site of the old Jail at Lakhiila Bagh will be reached.
Lakhula Bagh itself is not without a history of vivid interest. The word
‘‘ Lakhula ” is derived from ‘‘ lakh,” one hundred thousand, and “ wara,” a
plantation. The place was known alternatively as “ Lakhpera ”, the grove

125

of a hundred thousand trees. Kaim Khan, the second Bangash Nawab,
planted it, as it was near to his fort at New Amethi, whei’e he lived l)efoi-e
succeeding his father, Nawab Mohamed Khan, in 17455. The plantation
then covered 158 acres, and formed a park of regal proportions, within
the boundaries of which the camps of distinguished visitors were always
laid out. In 1771 the Emperor Shah Alam set up the imperial head-
quarters here, and he was the first of many high dignitaries to honour the
grove with his residence. It was the headquarters also of the infamous
‘‘Dooby-ki-paltan” in 1857, which pitched its tents in the only remaining
portion of the old park, then called the “ Bhirra Bagh

A letter, dated the 19th June 1815, gives an interesting account of
the visit of the son of the Nawab Vizier of Oudh, who came in that month
to compliment the Governor-General, then staying in Mr. Donnithorne’s
house, upon the success of the Nepal War. The visitor was accompanied by
a suite of 15,000 persons, and this small army stayed nearly a fortnight !
Accomodation for the visitors was made in the Lakhula Park in
accordance with custom. On the I5th June the young Prince went to break-
fast with the Marquis of Hastings, or Lord Moira, as he was then more
generally called. Mr. Deane (a Commissioner for the ( -eded Provinces) and
Mr. Donnithorne sent a quantity of peaches from their gardens, which were
presented to the visitor. On the 17th the Governor-General returned the
visit, and two days later the Prince and his chief attendants went to dinner
wdth him. The Marquis wrote in his journal that “ such a ceremony is
an oppressive service at this season ; but as there was much cordiality, it
went off well A letter from Fatchgarh contains the following descrip-
tion of these festivities;

‘‘ We have had very splendid doings here lately. The present
Nawab Vizier’s son, Nuziroodeen Hyder, a boy of about ten years
of age and nominally Prime Minister, has come over with a retinue of
15,000 men and all the magnificent accompaniments of an Eastern
court to visit Lord Moira. He entered Futtyghur on the 1 4th and
pitched his camp near Lac Para, a garden l>elonging to the Nawab
of Furruckabad, about 1^ miles from cantonments. He breakfasted
with his Lordship, all the station being invited. Mr. Swinton, the

126

Persian Secretary, and Capt. Huthwaite, the Persian Interpreter,
[Kirfornied the ceremony of meeting him one Stage from this, and
accompanied him to his camp. The same gentlemen proceeded to
the camp on the 15th, and attended the honorary procession to the
Government Bungalow. The Nawabcame in great state, accompanied
by Mr. Baillie, la-other of Major Baillie, and Assistant to the Re-
sidency, and Aga Meer, the present Dew an, and was received by his
Lordship with marked attention. After partaking of breakfast,
which was laid for sixty, the Naw-ab returned home, and Aga Meer
remained to transact business with Lord Moira.

On the Kith the whole station having been invited to accompany
the Governor-General, his Lordship proceeded in State to return the
Nuwab’s visit. The retinue was exceedingly magniheent. First, the
camel corps, 200 strong, preceded by two jinjals (swivel guns) ;
second, a party of the Inxlyguard ; third, a party of irregulars ; fourth,
a body of s[>earsmen witli flags ; fifth, the Governor-General’s carriage
with four horses ; sixtli, the Governor-Generars led horses, sumptuous-
ly cai)arLsoned ; seventh, peons ; eighth, Ijord Moira, his ixirsonal staff,
secretaries and gentlemen of the station, on elephants which were
finely decorated with jhools. Mr. Baillie and the Dewaii were also
on elephants. Fhey had come to attend his Lordship early in the
morning. They were followed by another party of the bodyguard,
in all 200 and about 150 of the Niiwab’s irregular horse.

The morning w-as delightfully cool, a north-wester having fortu-
nately come on during the night, and the cavalcade m it moved through
the town along the circuitous road leading to the Nawab’s encampment
had a most l)eautiful and pictui*esque effect (the Ninvab’s camp was
in the eastern portion of the Lakluda Hagh and on the Amethi Road.
Hen ce the Ciovernor-General ba<l to proceed down the Qadri Gate
Road to the Gity and then turn round into the Amethi Road). When
al)out hallw ay we first discovered the camp w hich is situated in a thick
grove of trees; and being composed of various coloured materials, it
sparkled w'itb gronl. brilliancy. Ftn* a considerable distance before
we i*eacbed the encampment the road was lined by irregvdar horse,

127

and follouers of the Niin ab on hoi*seback ; the Nu wall's troops drawn
out in line; his eaiiiel corps dressed in yellow and red ; his bodyguar<U
and last of all his escort eonuiiaiided by an hAU*o|Xian odiecr. The bands
of each corps struck up as we passed them. AlK)ut 200 yards from
the encampment the Nuwab, attended by several persons of distinction
on elephants, met Lord Moira, and exchanged salutations with his
Lordship. On his Lordship's arrival a salute of cannon was fired. The
Nuwab taking Lord Moira’s hand led him, followed by all his suite,
into a spacious tent, spi'ead with white cloth, and nil the gentlemen
were introduced to him by Lord Moira. The party were then shown
into the breakfast apartment, w^hich was under a large canopy, where
they sat down to a long table covered with every kind of delicacy and
refreshment, the Nuwab’s band playing a variety of English airs with
considerable taste and skill. During breakfast a troop of naiitch
girls wei*e introduced, who danced and sang ; then tumblers, and
finally a theatrical representation.

When breakfast was finished the Nuwab led his Lordship and
suite into an apartment formed of canauts (canvas screens) and a
semiana (canopy), spread with white carpets, where a variety of trays
were displayed, containing shawls, an<l gold and silver tissue. At
one end of the apartment was a transparency, representing the portrait
of Lord Moira, an excellent likeness copied from Mr. Home’s admir-
able picture at Lucknow. The frame was covered with rich cut glass
double branch shades by which it was lighted at night. On each side
of the picture was a coach, splendidly adorned. The presentation of
nugirs (ceremonial presents) followed, after which his Lordship and
suite departed with the same ceremony and honours as were observed
on his arrival.

Lord Moira has presented the Nuwab with his beautiful grey
English horse, decorated with costly accoutrements in the Hindostanee
fashion. This valuable horse is well known in (.'alcutta, and has with
another horse of equal l^eauty, a chestnut, been much admired for
strength and fine carriage. They belongecl to the Prince Regent, who
gave them to I^ord Moira on his leaving England. The Nuwab

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expressed great delight in receiving so valuable a present. His
Highness and suite dine with Lord Moira this evening, and the whole
station have been invited to meet him. To-morrow the Nuwab returns
the honour. It is supposed that he will leave Futtyghur on the first
of next month.

We have the liveliest pleasure in stating that Lady Loudoun
(Flora, Lountess of Loudoun in her own right, married Lord Moira
1804. Dicfl 18^0.) is recovering rapidly from her late indisposition,
chiefly in consetpience of the favourable change of the weather. Her
I.adyship was as well on the JiOth as to be able to accompany His
Excellency the (iovernor-General and the Nuwab to visit the Furrukha-
})ad Mint. Lord Moira continues in excellent health.”

It was opposite to the enclosure of the Lakhula Park, on the southern
side of the yadri Gate Hoad, that Mr. Ahmuty, the second District
Magistrate, selected a site for the District Jail, and Mr. Cockburn, the
first Collector, actpiired the land for him. The acquisition papers are still
preserved, and constitute one of the oldest existing files of the Collector’s
office. In the “ Fatehgarh-nama ” there is also a very complete plan of the
Jail, showing the interior arrangements ; and for the fifty-one years of its
existence on this spot records are available in such quantities that it would
be possible to compile an account in minute detail. More, in fact, is known
about the old Jail than about any other Government institution of pre-
Mutiny times. In addition, the “ Fatehgarh-nama ” devotes many pages
to the biographies of celebrated criminals, who were interned in it. This
Jail was not the first one. A Jail was set up by Mr. Grant, the first
District Magistrate, in 180J5 somewhere in the (’ity. The institution of a
Jail was tlie very first measure of the new administration ; for the Bangash
Nawabs handed over their territory in a state of turmoil. Viscount
Valentin, who stayed with Mr. Grant in 1808, noted that he had seventy
murderers in Jail awaiting trial. Mr. Grant died in 1804 before the Jail
was properly completed, and in that very year, when Holkar mrnle his raid
on the City, the prisoners were able to break jail with ease. A reward of
Hs. 25 was offered for the capture of each. One prisoner, who was under
trial for murder, was taken twelve years later, and the reward for him

129

was paid in 1817. Hardly had the Jail started than Government decided
on a new one at Lakhula Bagh, which was nearer to the Courts at Kasim
Bagh. In 1806 it was built at a cost of Rs. 520,000, and Rs. 18,000 more
had to be sanctioned in 1816 for its extension. From that date up to the
Mutiny the buildings remained unchanged with one notable exception of
a mill house, over which much official correspondence was created.

The internal arrangements were very much as they are in a modern
Jail, and were never varied. In 1886 the hospital was located temporarily
in the Commissariat Godown behind Colonelganj, but the distance was too
far, and the hospital on the premises was enlarged. For over thirty years
the prisoners were fed by contract, the diet allowance being nine pies per
diem for each up to 1880, in which year the allowance was raised to one
anna, grain having become dear. In 1888 the system of I'ations was
introduced in place of the daily allowance of money.

The exact site of the Jail can be traced. It was situated on the
southern side of the road to the C’ity and a few yards beyond the first
furlong, after the first mile stone. The eixstern end of the Jail was on a
level with a small moscpie, which still is to be seen by the road side, nearly
opposite the third furlong. The famous mill house was where the brick
kilns now stand ; and it is interesting to note that this very plot, number
200 in Masaini village, is called by the villagers today the ‘‘ Chakki
khana,” or mill house. This is an example of the exactness of tradition
in Indian villages, and a memorial of the Hon. F. J. Shore, who when
serving as Magistrate in 1882 was responsible for initiating this form of
jail labour. He decided to instal a treadmill. The idea was to make the
convicts grind com instead of loafing outside the Jail, picking at the roads,
or cleaning ditches, which were their normal occupations. He built a
mill house outside the western wall of the Jail. A long shaft passed from
the mill house through the Jail wall into the interior, where the convicts
made it revolve. This project cost Government Rs. 1,087. The treadmill not
only failed to work ; but it became the chief object of interest in the Station
and the official bugbear of successive District Officers. For nearly five
yeai*s the Government, the District Magistrate, and Mr. Shore at Dehra
Dun carried on a voluminous correspondenc>e over its eccentricities. Captain

180

Boileau tinkered at it occasionally, when the work of making roads at Gur-
sahaiganj permitted ; while Lieutenant Showers of the 14th N. I. amused
himself in 1839 with its plans and estimates. The truth is that Mr. Shore
had miscalculated, as he admitted from his retreat in Dehra Dun, and he
suggested to the harassed Government the insertion of an additional inter-
mediate wheel, the cost of which he offered to pay out of his own pocket.

The Jail was divided into eight wards, each holding sixty convicts.
It was nearly always overcrowded, when the convicts had no work outside.
In 1834 the Jail population was 1,132, and in the year before the monthly
average was 1,100, The casualties in 1833 were exceptionally heavy,
nineteen deaths being reported for the first six months alone. In 1835 the
numbers fell to 495. A jail return in this year shows that 107 convicts
only were actually in the wards, the remainder being employed on the
C'awnporc Road ; 21 of the inmates were in hospital ; 18 in the female
ward ; 66 undergoing simple imprisonment ; and 2 suffering imprisonment
for life in solitary confinement cells. Desperate characters, like dacoits
and thugs, were sent by river to the Alipore Jail at Calcutta, and fifty per
cent, of them escaped on the way. A return of 1846 contains the names
of one jailor and two assistant jailors as superior staff. Subordinate to
them was a tumandar, or commander (over 8 duffedars and 90 burkandazes),
2 drawers of water, 3 sweepers, 1 blacksmith for rivetting fetters,
1 executioner, and 2 doctors. There were extra burkandazes, or guards,
for gangs on labour outside the Jail.

The convicts were employed on public works. They pulled the
punkha in the district courts and hospitals in the hot weather. They
worked under Lieutenant Weller in making the Grand Trunk Road ;
under Captain Boileau at Khudaganj ; under Captain Lumsden in trans-
porting kankar stone ; and on the roads in the City and Cantonments.
Each gang of five was watched by one burkandaz ; and in 1829 the muster
rolls show that 596 convicts were at work, under the guard of 119
burkandazes. It was easy to requisition a gang for use in Cantonments,
and constant squabbles took place between officials, who wanted their
services. In 18*34 Captain Boileau, the road maker, bitterly complained
of the Gun Carriage Agent, Major Fulton, who had purloined his gangs,

131

and made them work inside the Fort. The records indicate that the work
of the convicts was bad. They pretended to mend roads, and clean
drains. They had much liberty in the day, and were only locked up at
night. Their friends were able to see them, pass them sweets and tobacco,
and convei’se with them by the connivance of the guards. Convict labour
soon fell into disfavour, and it was complained they often did more harm
than gx)od. In 1831 Mrs. Potter wrote to the District Magistrate, and
said the convicts had ruined the drains around her house (south of No. 14).
The Magistrate sent back a detachment to put them right again.

The old Jail disappeared in the Mutiny, not before witnessing a
dramatic scene. On the 7th June 1857 the prisoners shook off discipline,
having appointed several of their number as generals and colonels.
Captain Vibart arrived to quell the riot, and was driven off by a volley of
stones. A company of the 10th N. 1., which eleven days later itself
broke into mutiny, was ordered down to the Jail, and made short work of
the rioters by killing seven, including the chief general, and wounding
eight more. On the 18th following, the sepoys oj>ening the jail doors,
released the inmates, and destroyed the buildings.

A cross road from near the site of the old Jail leads to the Lai Gate
Hoad and to Barhpur. The Mission station at Barhpur was founded by
the American Presbyterian Mission, probably about a year after the
Rakha settlement. The date and circumstances of the founding of the
Mission here are obscure, and the question is discussed in chapter XII in
the account of Rakha. About 1841 Mr. Rankin seems to have placed
the establishment on a sound footing. The district records indicate the
existence of a chapel and two bungalows to the west of the road. The
educational side of the Mission’s activities were best known. The Boys’
High School (mentioned in 1839), was developed in 1845, when it took
the place of the Government institution in Farrukhabad, and occupied
the same pi*emises, which in turn were handed over to the present Mission
Girls’ School. Barhpur, like Rakha, was destroyed in the Mutiny, and
many of the Indian workers driven away. The Headmaster of the School,
Dhaukal Pershad, was with his family murdered in the parade ground
massacre. The two missionaries in charge, Messrs. A. O. Johnson and

182

D. E. Campbell, took refuge with their families at Rakha. They escaped
in the boats to Cawnpore, and were killed in the massacre of the
Fatehgarh residents on the 12th June. Miss Mary Johnson and Miss
Rachel Mitchell, relations of the Revd. A. O. Johnson, still maintain the
family connection with local branches of the Mission. On the eastern
side of the road is the Memorial Hospital of the Mission under the
direction of Doctor Adelaide Woodard and Miss S. L. McRobbie. The
name of the Hospital perpetuates the memory of the sacrifices of the
Fatehgarh Mission during the Mutiny, a full account of which will be
found in a book by the Revd. J. J. Walsh, called A Memorial of
Fatehgarh,” and in ‘‘ Fatehgarh and the Mutiny.”

Satanpur village, opposite the cemetery of the Mission, formed occa-
sion for some of the reminiscences of Mrs. Fanny Parks. In her
“ Wanderings of a Pilgrim ” Mrs. Parks recounts that she came to
Fatehgarh on the fith April 1885 to stay a month with Mr. Henry
Swetenharn, the Judge, who was a relation of hers. She came to Satanpur
to visit a Mahratta princess, styled H. H. the Baiza Bai, who had been
exiled from Gwalior, and allowed by the Government to take up her
residence in an old indigo factory. The account of the Baiza Bai’s
surroundings is good reading. It is only sufficient to say here that the
house was surrounded by a wall of some extent, and that two tame
rhinoceroses were to be seen galloping about the grounds. The Baiza Bai
being a high personage was su[xjrvised by a political officer named Captain
Ross, who lived in a camp close by. She had arrived with a small army
in February of the year before ; and the residents of Fatehgarh were not
unnaturally apprehensive. The Government commanded the Magistrate
to adopt such precautions as the residence of a large body of men in the
neighbourhood may render necessary.” This was easier said than done,
for the 1st N. I. in Cantonments was greatly under strength.

Mrs. Parks had barely left, when 500 of the Baiza Bai’s troops broke
into open mutiny, and with 4 guns went to Captain Ross’s camp. The
non-payment of artears and the appointment of an unpopular command-
ant by the Baiza Bai were the chief causes. The confidential reports of
the Commissioner show that a contributory cause was disaffection, stirred

133

up by seci’et agents from Gwalior. A large body of troops, however,
remained staunch at the indigo factory, and were ordered to attack the
mutineers. There was a good fusillade, mainly of blank cartridges. One
man was killed and two wounded. Some arrears of pay were doled out
by the Baiza Bai, and with the unpopular commander flying for his life
to Gwalior, the incident closed for the time being.

The Commissioner, Mr. Boulderson, was fully alive to the danger.
The Magistrate, Mr. F. R. Robinson, submitted an almost daily bulletin,
founded on reports by spies. At the beginning of September the undis-
ciplined soldiery of the Baiza Bai began to show lenewed discontent.
They claimed seven months* arrears of pay, while the Baiza Bai would
only admit months ; but the truth is that the Mahrattas were heartily
sick of their surroundings. At this juncture Mrs. Parks makes her
second arrival in Fatehgarh, and is advised by Mr. Swetenharn not to go
to Barhpur. The Baiza Bai had J^,360 armed retainers, of whom 900
were horsemen, 4 guns, and over 5,000 camp followers. This little army
was quartered in lines by the road, and one of the camp wells Ls still
pointed out in Satanpur. In Fatehgarh the 1st N. I. had a full strength
of only 460. Deducting guards, sick, and those wanted for necessary
duties, the regiment could only muster 200 men. The Officer Command-
ing, Lieutenant-Colonel Tulloch (1790-1862), therefore, requisitioned
two guns from the Fort under Lieutenant Ellis, R. A. (died at Fatehgarh
14th December 1835).

At 5 p. m. on the 8th September the Baiza Bibi sent word to Mr.
Swetenharn that her men were out of control, and had arrested five of
her agents. Colonel Tulloch with his troops, Lieutenant Ellis and the
two guns from the Fort, accompanied by Mr. Robinson (died 1856) and
Mr. Rose, his joint Magistrate, reached the Satanpur Lines after dark.
The Baiza Bai’s four guns were secured, and most of the night parleys
went on with the mutineers. At daybreak they still refused to give up their
prisoners, or lay down their arms. Colonel Tulloch ordered a bayonet
charge, which was successful. The mutineers threw down their arms after
a slight resistance, being hastened by a discharge of grape from Lieu-
tenant Ellis’ guns. Six mutineers were killed and twelve wounded ; but

134

two of the Baiza Bai’s agents had been murdered. Seven sepoys were
wounded, and Mr. Robinson in addition. The latter had indeed |i
marvellous esca^je. On two mutineers threatening him with daggers, fie
closed, and grasped them both by the throat. While pushing them bftpk-*
wards, Mr. Robinson fell into a well, and the others fell on top of bi^i-
A desperate fight ensued at the bottom, and Mr. Robinson was st^ibbed,
before the sepoys came and bayonetted his assailants. These riots decid-
ded Government. The 71st N. I. and a squadron of the 5th Cavajx»y were
sent from Cawnpoix* under Colonel Dick, and troops from Maippuri in
addition. The Baiza Bai’s establishment was broken up, and she was
deported to Benares via ('awnpore and Allahabad, at both of wl)ich places
Mrs. Parks visited her again.

It is possible to trace the foundations of the house, in which Mrs.
Parks visited the Baiza Bai, and tried her Arab’s paces in th(^ compound.
There are still plots in Mauza Satanpur known as the ‘‘ Bai ki kothiwalla
khet ” ; and an ancient well of large dimensions is on the site. Proceeding
towards the City, and after the Mission bungalows, the visitor will turn
off the main road by the house of Babu Gendan Lai, and proceed along
a foot path, until the railway line is crossed. To the east and parallel to
the railway line are thirteen plots. Number 12 contains the well. To the
west of the well is the site of the house, which with its garden lay between
the well and the point were the footpath crosses the railway. The footpath
leads one and a half miles across the main road to the Tonka Ghat on the
Ganges. It was at this place that Mrs. Parks moored her pinnace for the
inspection of the Baiza Bai. She recorded the impression made on her by
the temples and high cliffs over the ghat, crowded with gaily dressed
Mahratta horsemen and attendants.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CANTONMENTS.

T he oldest maps available indicate that up to the Mutiny the
Cantonment was a small area, which only included the officers’ houses
and the Lines of the infantry. In the eighteenth century there had
been no necessity to demarcate any cantonment, since the whole of
Fatehgarh, town included, was under military control, and the Civil
Lines did not exist at all. When the garrison declined in 1805, the
area known as Cantonments came into being to distinguish the exclusively
military area from that which was devoted to the civil administration.
For some reason the boundaries did not include the Fort. The present
Maude Lines, the Park where now' is the Officers’ Mess and No. 4
Bungalow, and half of Colonelganj were outside. The other half of
Colonelganj, the present Quarter Guard, and War Memorial were only
just inside. The boundaries were illogical and awkward. Accordingly,
Sir Colin Campbell had them changed in 1858, and they were made to
run as they do today.

The houses have decreased in number from the seventy of 185^9 to
eighteen. They were numl>ered one to twenty in 1880, and they still
preserve their numbers, although Nos. 1 and 8 have disappeared
within the last ten years. With the exception of the Indian Military
Hospital, which is not numbered as a residence, there are no houses at
present which escaped destruction in the Mutiny. The mutineers
extracted beams and doorposts for firewood, and during the five months
of the mutineers’ rule, the mud walls and thatch of each house crumbled
to ruin. In 1859 the Collector served notices on the ol<l house owners
to repair them. In cases of default a committee, formed by the Judge
and two others, valued the ruins, and had them sold by auction. The
old house lists of the Cantonment office have disappeared ; and reliance
has had to be made on the laconic entries in the settlement registers of
1833, or on a few sale deeds in the Registrar’s office, in order to gain a
little information about them.

130

The Mint.

The house north-west of the Indian Military Hospital is generally
known as the “ Tarwalla Bungla having been the headquarters of the
Superintendent of Telegraphs and Post Offices after 1800. Since it
occupies the site of the famous Farrukhabad Mint, the house is called
“ Dar-ul-Zarb ” in the records, and “ Taksal ”, another word for mint,
even at the present day.

Kanauj, once the capital of northern India, had a mint for copper
coinage in the sixteenth century. It has been suggested that the
Bangash Nawabs abolished it, when they decided to set up their mint
for silver coins. At any rate, shortly after 1714 Nawab Mohamed Khan,
the founder of the City, established a mint in the small village of
Husainpur in front of the Fort at Fatehgarh. The first coins issued were
in the name of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar, after whom this district is
named. This mint reached its highest development during the reign of
the third Bangash Nawab, Ahmad Khan, who died in 1771 and was
buried in the Bihisht Bagh, or Garden of Paradise, by the Mau Gate of
the City. From him comes the name Ahmadnagar, which appears on
the coins along with the name Farrukhabad, and these coins are commonly
to Ikj obtained in the local bazars even today. The name Ahmadnagar
is usually understood to be the name of a place, and its conjunction with
that of Farrukhabad has led to confusion. Coins bearing this name,
however, are the issues of Nawab Ahmad Khan, and were struck from
the reign of the Emperor Alamgir 11 onwards. Ahmad Khan had such
fondness for new coins, that it is related he used to have every issue
spread out on the ground in the ojjen air before him. His servants
astutely took advantage of this mania of his, and covering the soles
of their feet with wax, were wont to walk over the rupees again, and
again, and in this manner steal not a few of them. When the Nawab
saw fewer bags of ruj)ees left than had come to him from the Mint, he
remarked that they must have shrunk from exposure to the sun !

The Bangash mint continued to function in Husainpur after the
setting up of Fatehgarh Cantonment. Between 1777 and 180.5, when

Fatehgarh became one of the mint towns of the East India Company
under the name of Farrukhabad, the coins conformed to the prevailing
type of the Emperor Shah Alam coinage, but with this difference that
the regnal year of the Emperor was occasionally changed. Between 1788
and 1796 the coins indicated the year 81 of the Emperor's reign on the
reverse side, irres[3ective of the Mohamedan date. After 1796 the coins
show the year 39 of the Emperor's reign, and from 1803 onwards
the familiar year 45 appears, which is most generally to be seen on all
coins procurable today.

In 18052 the management of the Mint passed to the East India
Company, which continued up to 1824 to coin rupees with the name of
the Emperor, Shah Alam, at Fatehgarh, and up to 1835 nt Calcutta.
Regulation XLV of 1803 contained the following order:

A silver coin to l>e denonunated the Lucknow sicca rui>ee of
the 45th sun (year), struck in the mint of Farrukhabad, cori'espond-
ing in weight and standard with the sicca rupee at present struck
at Lucknow in the dominions of the Nawab Vizier, and thence
denominated the Lucknow rupee, is hereby declared to be the
established and legal silver coin in the provinces ceded by the Nawab
Vizier to the East India Company.”

The same Regulation XLV directed the establishment of a mint at
or in the vicinity of the town of Farrukhabad. Half and quarter rupees
were also to be coined. The Lucknow 45th sun sicca rupee, as established
by this regulation, was to be exactly like the 19th sun sicca rupee, in the
Mint at Calcutta. The term “sicca rupee”, which occui's constantly in
the records along with that of “ sonat rupees ” requires some explanation
In the eighteenth century there was an amazing variety of coinages in
India, called after the various mints, which produced them. On the 19th
April 1794 the Governor-General in Council issued regulations for the
conduct of the mints. Only the 19th sun rupee was to be received at the
Public Treasuries, or Issued from them. The rupee was thus standardized at
the four mints of Patna, Murshedabad, Dacca, and ('alcutta. This rupee
had its value determined by assays made in Calcutta, and after 1794 was
the oidy rupee declared to be legal tender, l>eing called the “ sicca ” riqHie.

188

In coiiipliaiice with an order of 1805 acquisition of the Mint house was
made in May 1806 for Rs. 12,000. Work started the same year as soon
as Mi. Robert Blake arrived from the Patna mint, and installed himself
as the first Assay Master. The staff of the old Bangash mint was taken
over, and since the work was entirely by manual labour at first, there
was no difficulty in commencing to strike coins. Old customs, such as
that of annually distributing charity to a number of Brahmans, were
continued. The new establishment, however, had hardly begun its
ojKirations, when the building was struck by lightning on the 25th April
1807 and burnt to the ground. The new premises were laid out on a more
extensive scale, there being separate buildings for the Assay office and the
Mint. Several tiled sheds accommodated a dozen or more rough carts,
which conveyed the treasure to other stations, and were called tumbrils.”
There were also the usual godowns and store rooms. The Mint was
visited on the 21st .June 1815 by the Marquis of Hastings. The process
of coining was displayed to the King of Oudh’s minister, who had been
brought by the Govenior-General to view it. Mr. Blake was still in
charge, and showed the two visitors a number of chemical cxjxjriments.
By this date the Mint had liccome most active and was turning out sixty
thousand rupees daily. In the early nineteenth century the Raja of
Bharatpur was fined two million Farrukhabad rupees for taking part in the
Mahratta War. It is evident that the rupees were circulating widely and
m gi*eat numbers.

There are many references to the working of the Mint in the district
i-ecords up to 1824. The Collector was generally the “ Mint Master,”
and he n^ceived an extra allowance of Rs. 850 for this duty. The most
important official was obviously the Assay Master, who was necessarily an
expert, and under him was the Foreman. The two Robert Blakes, father
and son, followed by Alexander Melville, ai-e the most frecpiently
mentioned Assay Masters. W. Stacy, a foreman, died in 1817, and from
an application for pension by his widow some details about his training
are available. He was an orphan at an early age. When he was fouiteen
years old he was taken from the Upper School of the Orphanage at
Calcutta, and was placed in the Calcutta Mint .as an apprentice to

1«0

Goveinment. By 1817 he luul served twenty-four years. At Calcutta
he was paid Rs. 200 monthly and Rs. 250 at Fatehgarh.

The Farrukhabad rupee weighed 169*2 grains troy of which 158*2
grains were silver. It was in gi*eat favour even as late as 1882, when
the Commissioner tried to have the Mint reopened at Fatehgarh. He
remarked in his letter : ‘‘ With landlord and tenant, it is a general

practice, when their circumstances are prosperous, to melt down Farrukha-
bad rupees for ornaments for wives and children.” The rupees come to
light as buried treasure, sometimes in hundreds, and in 1984 the market
price of a single rupee is ten anna.s. The coins are found to have three
kinds of milling. In the period 1808-19 the old standard rupee was
given an oblique milling. Upright milling characterizes coins struck at
Fatehgarh from 1819 to 1824 and those struck at Calcutta from 1824 to
1888 ; while the Farrukhabad rupee made at Calcutta from 1888 to 1885
has a plain edge and a plain rim on the face. In 1885 the Company
ordered coins to be struck with tlie portrait of King William IV. All
Farrukhabad rupees, made by the East India Company, bear the date
45th year of the reign of Shah Alam.” The inscription on the obverse
was as follows : “ The Emperor Shnh Alam, Defender of the Mohamedan

Faith, Reflector of the Divine Excellence, struck this coin to be current
in the seven climes.” On the reverse was written : ‘‘ Struck at

Farrukhabad in the 45th year of his prosperous reign.”

The bulk of the staff were lowly-paid suboi*dinates. Office corres-
pondence was conducted by the Collector of the District, and his
supervision was in proportion to the amount of interest he had in the work.
Some Collectors, like H. Newnham, were experts in minting coins, and
were continually improving apparatus. Under the Collector was the
Assay Master, who seems to have lived on the premises. Mr. Robert
Blake, senior, was responsible for the actual manufacture of coins from
1806 until his death in 1817. His work was his hobby, and aihled to his
accomplishments in chemistry was a passion for collecting books on mints
and the processes of coining, which produced a library worthy of being
acquired by Government after his death. Neither his grave, nor that of
Stacy, his foreman, who died in the same year at Fatehgarh, are traceable.

140

Mr. Alexander Melville was the next Assay IVfaster. Robert Blake,
junior, came from Bengal to take the place of Stacy. He was a worthy
son of his father, and officiated as Assay Master on several occasions.
The chief of the subordinate staff was the Superintendent of Meltings, who
looked after a whole corps of “ durabs,” who were paid 4^ annas per cent
for cutting up ingots and stamping them ; blacksmiths, who worked at
forges ; carpenters ; purveyors of charcoal and wood ; and refinei*s, who
melted down bullion and old coins. The refiners were heavily worked, for
masses of coin were received daily from the public for re-coinage. In 1817
Dilsukh Rai, a mahnjnn of the City, brought 7,660 Benares rupees to the
Mint for this purpose. The charges of refining were Rs. 57/7/2. There
was at this period a mint at Benares, which coined a different rupee.

Mr. Newnham, the Mint Master in 1820, was responsible for
supplanting manual labour by machinery. He had found two laminating
and cutting machines lying in the storeroom, and by setting them up with
improvements was able to produce fifty thousand coins by each machine
as against the sixty thousand, which was the entire daily output of the
Mint up to that time. A building was erected for the machines. Not
only was the output increased, but the average cost of minting rupees
was less. It cost Rs. 200 to make a lakh of rupees by using laminating
machines and Rs. 512/8 by the malleating system. In 1820 the Mint
was working l)etter than ever before under the new system, and other
mints wei*e supplied with machines. Twelve small cutting machines, for
example, one laminating mill, and two stamping presses were sent to
Benares. At the beginning of 1824 the Mint came to an end, and
Mr. Newnham had to get the machinery sent to Calcutta by boat. A
large pair of scales, and a box capable of holding six lakhs of rupees were
the last relics of the old Mint, anti were to be seen in the I'reasury at the
Collectorate down to the Mutiny. In August the Collector took posses-
sion of the buildings, and installed his office in them. The records are
silent as to which building the Collector had vacated in order to come to
the Mint. The old court house had been demolished in 1814 by Mr.
Donnithorne, when he built a residence for himself on the site of the
Engine Shed at Kasim Bagh.

141

The Mint was occupied up to In consetjuence of its bad state

of disrepair in that year, it was abandoned by the (’ollector, Mr. Nisbet,
who rented Donnithome’s old house for a year, until the Mint buildings
had been patched up again. The main block was not suitable for the
Collector’s office. In 1882 Mr. Pidcock made a determined attempt to
oust the Judge from his court house, and exchange the Mint for the more
commodious building, which still is to l)e seen by the modern Collectorate
office. From Mr. Pidcock ’s letters the rooms in the Mint appear to have
l)een small. From his description the shape and arrangement of the
building resembled that of the long narrow house, standing to-day upon
the same place. It is obvious that the old foundations were utilised after
the Mutiny for the modern house. The room, used by the C’ollector
himself in 1882, was 28 feet by 17 feet in size, and as he complained:

respiration in the hot weather was a matter of great difficulty !” One
of the Mint buildings in the compound was used as a guard room. The
room in which records were stored, had a small gallery running iH)und
the walls to give access to shelves near the ceiling. An interesting
comnicnt by the Judge, Mr. Shore, was that the Collector was nearer by
a mile to the City and the Jail than he was. To modern residents this
statement might seem impossible to understand ; but it must l)e remembered
that the only road to the (dty then was tlie Qadri Gate Road, which
runs by the parade ground to the Railway Lines, and the old Jail was
on this road. The Judge also remarked that tlie Mint was half a mile
nearer to the small Jail, by which he alluded to the Commissariat Godown
l)ehind Colonelganj. This place received the overflow of prisoners from
“ the great Jail ” for many years.

In 1884 the Collector, having taken over the District Magistrate's
office, returned to Sah Behari Lai’s house. The Mint house remained
empty. In 1844 Govemment sold the property for Rs. 1,475 to James
Mercer, the Registrar. He sold it almost at once for Rs. 2,500 to Mrs.
Charlotte Brierly, the wife of Joseph Brierly, the merchant. Both
Charlotte Brierly and her husband perished in the Mutiny. Between
this period and 1857 the house is invariably recorded as the residence of
the Kot Sahib Captan,” who might possibly have been the Barrack

142

Master in charge of the Military Works Department. “ Kothi Sahib
C'aptan,” or officer in charge of buildings, has been suggested as the full
title. In 1857 the occupants were Lieutenant Monckton and his family,
who were all killed at Cawnpore on June 12th, after escaping in the first
boat flotilla. In 1858 Brigadier-General Seaton had his Brigade office
hei*e, when the Station was re-occupied. He was followed by the
Superintendent of Telegraphs. Nearer to the present day the house was
formed into quarters for the Ordnance Staff connected with the Gun
(^\rriage Agency.

Thk Indian Mii.itary Hosfitai..

This building from 188 t to 1887 vvas the palace of Nawab Hakim
Mehdi Ali Khan, Muntazim-ud-Dowlah, who was several times Vizier of
Oudh. He was Ixim about 1750, and raising himself from the condition
of soldier of fortune to the highest posts in the State, he accumulated in
the process a vast store of wealth, which led to his downfall. In 1819 he
fell into disgrace and went into his first exile, arriving at Fatehgarh from
Shahjahanpore about 1822. Two yeai’s later it is certain that he built
the Military Engineer’s Godown in front of the Fort as a hostel for
travellers. In the course of the next ten years he executed many public
works and acquired property in Fatehgarh. He constructed the suspen-
sion bridge at Khudngaiij, the ruins of which remain to this day, the
bridge having fallen into disuse after 1880, A well and a mosque in the
Heysham Serai behind the Company Garden, the present Collector’s
residence, and this large house for his own use, were ready and in use
within a few years of his arrival. Minor works, such as the bridge by
the golf links, which were due to his initiative, are too numerous for
mention. He built a school in the Town and set up a Kashmir Shawl
Factory. In addition, he owned Nos. 4, 6, and 20 Bungalow.s, the
present Judge’s house, Colonel Brown’s house at Rakha, houses in
Fatehgarh Town and Husainpur, and several walled gardens. In 1880
he was invited back to Lucknow, but in March 1888 he was a second time
exiled to Fatehgarh. When finally permission to return was given, the

148

old Nawab died after a few months on the Jioth December 1887. He was
succeeded by his nephew, Munawwar-ud-Dowlah, or “ the General,” as he
was called at Fatehgarh, who erected his mausoleum in Golagan] at
Lucknow.

In the eighteenth century this compound was part of the Infantry
Lines, and it was called “ the right of the line.” There is no reconl of
the condition of the site, when the Nawab bought it. Fortunately, some
description of the buildings as they were in 18J29 and succeeding years,
has been made by visitors, but there is no mention anywhere as to how
the land was acquired. The com(>ouud was roughly square, for the
triangular plot to the south-west was up to 1880 part of the parade
ground. The entrance to the grounds was imposing, since one passed
through a lofty gateway, surmounted by the musicians’ gallery, and
flanked by guard rooms. All traces of this gate disappeared after the
Mutiny. It stood a few yards to the north of the present entrance, and
about opposite to the entrance of Bungalow No. 8 and the tomb of
Catherine P. In the south-western part of the enclosure was a walled
garden, containing three fountains, and pools filled with gold fish. Inside,
long narrow rooms with verandahs, supimrted by columns, looked on to the
garden. This collection of walls and buildings constituted the zenana,
which was duly visited by Mrs. Fanny Parks.

The main building has been slightly changed by the addition of side
verandahs and the walling up of its. fine portico, which was a facsimile of
that still to Ixi seen at the Collector’s house, and of the kind known as
“ Elephant porticos,” since they were high enough to allow of an elephant
passing tlu’ough. The rooms and the roof have been restored ; but the
cement is still that of the original builder. The house wtis not damaged
in the Mutiny, and at the reoccupation of Fatehgarh was turned into a
military hospital. The centre room with its massive columns w^as used
by Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan as his tazia khana ; and here were kept
the tazias, or models of the tomb of King Hussain, only displayed at
religious festivals. From the ceiling of the room hung a multitude of
glass chandeliers of every colour and make. The other rooms of the house
were crammed with curios. Down the eenti'e of each ran long tables,

covered with valuable articles and also rubbish ; while around the walls
were glass cases full of clocks, watches, swords, guns, and pistols. Several
of the rooms were magnificently furnished in European style, the w'alls
being covered with a profusion of pier glasses, mirrors, and badly coloured
prints in beautiful frames. In every room French organs, clocks, and
mechanical toys, struck an incongruous note. The house was more like a
museum than the living quarters of its owner. The private Imambara,
which he made for his ow'ii devotions, stands to the north of the house ;
and further on across the modern road were the coach house and stables
for horses and elephants, which were then part of the compound and not
cut off by any road as at present. The Nawab had here a stud of English
and Arab horses, of which he was justly proud, and it was his habit to
parade his horses for the inspection of visitors, who had been invited to
breakfast. The road on the west, which now divides the Hospital
compound from that of the Mint, was in use from the beginning of the
nineteenth century. Insteacl, however, of veering to the east, it proceeded
in a north-westerly direction towards the Fort, and cut through the
Husainpur bazar. It can be traced now, and the remains of an old bridge,
over which it [)assetl, are to be seen half way. The eastern extension
along the edge of No. Compound was made after the Mutiny by
Brigadier Seaton. When the house was turned into a British General
Hospital in 185S, alterations were made in the compound, and the stables
and other buildings were demolished. The old gate house and zenana
were both levelled to the ground.

There are several accounts by contemporaries of this famous man’s
appearance, the best of which are by Mrs, Fanny Parks and (.’apt iin
Mundy. He was of Persian descent and hailed from Kashmir. He was
ali’eady over seventy yeai’s old, when he first came to Fatehgarh. In
person he was tall, thin and rather bowed. His head was bald, and his
features small, usually w^earing a very bland expression. Mrs. Parks has
described his costume on the occasion of his paying a call on her at the
present Collector’s house. He was attired in brown corduroy breeches,
black leather boots, and gloves. He wore a dress of white rtowei*ed Dacca
muslin and a coat of pale pink satin, embroidered in gold. On his head

145

was a turban of ml and gold Benares tissue. He held a sword in his
hand, while behind him a servant carried the huqqa. Mrs. Parks had
met him in Lucknow in 1831 before the visit to Fatehgarh, Then be
seemed an old man, sinking beneath the weight of years, with a totally
bald head. At the reception of the King of Oudh he was almost unable
to stand up by reason of the dresses of honour and shawls which he was
wearing. The first dress of honour at this durbar was presented to him,
but the dress being too small, tlic aged Nawab could only get one arm
into it. He stood there shaking; probably because he thought it was a
bad omen, according to Mrs. Parks. It was an unlucky omen as it
turned out. The old man was an inveterate intriguer, and his immense
wealth made him a source of danger to the King of Oudh. It was only
two years after this durbar that he was exiled again from laicknow.
Captain Mundy describes a dinner given to Lord Combermere, the
Commander-in-Chicf, on the 20th December 1828 in this house. Forty
guests, including the ladies of the Station, sat down to this banquet.
Lord Combermere had breakfast hei*e on both his visits to Fatehgarh in
1827 and 1828. The table was always well served ; and on the removal
of the cloth, it was the Nawab’s custom to display French cuckoo clocks
and musical boxes, of which he was extremely fond. After one breakfast
he conducted his guests to a side room, opening on to a grass plot, and
showed his stud of Arab horses. He was i>opular in the Station, and had
the manners of a great noble. It Is related that he gave a grand enter-
tainment here on the occasion of the marriage of a relation. In the
middle, a string of valuable liearls round his neck broke, the pearls rolling
over the floor. Refusing to disturb the party, he took no notice, and
allowed no one to move. This may well have been the very necklacxi
noted by Mrs. Parks, who sat opposite to him at a Lucknow dinner in
1831. ‘‘ All dinner,” she writes, he was telling his beads on a rosary

of enormous pearls ”

In 1859 Munawwar-ud-Dowlah bestowed on Government all property,
which , he had inherited from Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan, but
Government insisted on compensating him. He stipulated that the
Imambara and a cemetery should be excluded. The Brigadier Com-

140

manding had taken the former building along with the house, but promised
to maintain it. The cemetery was separated from the compound, and no
trace of it can now be found. The property was valuetl at Rs. 10,000,

Thr Old Hospital.

North-east of No. 2 Bungalow, overlooking Hospital Ghat, was the
enclosure of the Cantonment Hospital for fifty years up to the Mutiny.
Examination of the ground will disclose the old foundations. Before
1795 the hospitals of the Temporary Brigade were built of such flimsy
materials as to he capable of transference at a moment’s notice from one
spot to another within the Lines, and they were always being blown over,
or destroyed, by gales and heavy rains. In December 1777 Colonel
Leslie reported that he had built two hospital sheds temporarily in the
Infantry Lines. In May 1778 Lt.-Colonel Wilding described the
Hospital as l)eing between the Infantry and the Cavalry Lines. From
his letter it is learnt that the hospital was a thatched shed, supported on
posts of mango wood, and possessing mat sides. In April 1795 the
European Hospital, so-called, was in the Cavalry Lines at Rakha. The
artillery had their own arrangements in the Fort. The European
Hospital is difficult to place. It appears to have been either in the
Company Garden, or in the compound of the Collectorate. In 1795,
however, it was moved, and to a place where for the first time it can
definitely be located. Three bungalows, which up to that year had
housed the offices and personnel of Brigade Headquarters, wei'e purchased
from an officer, and were put in repair for the use of the European
artillery. The artillery refused to move from their quarters, as they
contemplated occupying the Fort, in which they could build their own
offices and houses. These bungalows, being in good condition, were then
taken over for the Hospital. The northernmost one overlooked Hospital
Ghat, and was allotted to the Head Surgeon for a residence. The
Cantonment Hospital afterwards stood upon its foundations. A large
bungalow to the north was turned into the General Hospital for
Europeans and Indians. This was twenty years later called “ Martin’s

147

House having been purchased by the indigo planter of that name.
Its full history is related below. The third and smallest bungalow was
that which is marked on the 1835 map as belonging to Alxlul Rahman,
the Deputy Collector. It stood a few yards to the north of No. Ji
Bungalow, and not a ti*aoe of it is left today. All three bungalows were
thatched and mud plastered as was usual in the eighteenth century.

At the time of the formation of the Tem|>orary Brigade many
officers held military and medical rank simultaneously. Ultimately they
had to decide their choice. An actual case occurred at Fatehgarh. On
the 1 1th May 1787 Lieutenant Thomas Staunton addressed a letter to
T. Hamilton Esquire, Senior Surgeon at the Hospital, asking to be
appointed Regimental Surgeon’s Mate to the 8th Battalion, in which
corps he was serving as a combatant officer. Hamilton, whose tomb in
the District Courts’ compound is the oldest in Fatehgarh and in excellent
preservation, forwarded the letter to the Medical Board at C'alcutta.
The petition was rejected. Staunton continued to serve as a combatant
officer He died at Fatehgarh in 1805. An account of his court-martial
has been given in chapter XII.

The inscription on Hamilton’s tomb shows his rank to be that of a
Head Surgeon. He was the first at Fatehgarh. In 1786 there were only
three General Hospitals outside (kleutta. Two more were sanctioned,
and one of them was to be at Fatehgarh. Hamilton had served os a
military Assistant Surgeon since 1768, and as Head Surgeon he was still
in military employ. In 1773 he signed a memorial which claimed the
right for military Assistant Surgeons to retain civil ap{>ointments, but
the memorial did not succeed. This General Hospital was a military
one, the civil [>opulation at the time consisting of only a few planters and
traders. Up to 1795 it was probably in the vicinity of Hamilton's
house, which must have been near his tomb. Hamilton had three
Assistant Surgeons under him.

In 1795 the General Hospital was moved, as has been seen, under
the Superintendence of W. I. Gardner, the then Heatl Surgeon. Only one
other Head Surgeon comes into notice, and he was the last. Doctor
Peter Cochrane was Assistant in 1780, full Surgeon in 1790, and Head

148

Surgeon was in 1805. He in charge at Fatehgarh from 1808 to 1807. He
lx?carae President of the Medical Board in 1815, retired in 1821, and
died ten years later at Beauvais in France. At the end of the eighteenth
century Government used to give regimental surgeons contracts for the
su[)j)ly of medicines and diet for the patients. Cochrane is said to have
made a large fortune by supplying Lord Lake’s camp with such
necessaries from Fatehgarh during the second Mahratta War. During
his time a Superintendent of Vaccination was added to the staff.

After 1807 the medical charge of Fatchgarli was given to an
Assistant Surgeon. The General Hospital disapj^ared, and the house
Avas bought by Martin. The C’antonment Hospital came into being.
It was housed in the bungalow overlooking the ghat, where the Head
Surgeon had resided. Here it remained until the outbreak of the
Mutiny. The civil population was noAv increasing at the exj>ense of the
military ; and the Assistant Surgeon l)ecame Civil Surgeon in addition.
The following Civil Surgeons are recorded after Cochrane : —

1. Hcmard Reilly, 1808-16. Buried in the Fort Cemetery. In
1812 he was refused an allowance by the Governor General for
attending on persons attached to the Ceded Provinces’ Board. He
Ava.s presented to the Manjuis of Hastings at one of the Fatehgarh
levees in 1815.

2. J. Johnston. 1816-21. He resided in No. 9 Bungalow.
In 1817 a scheme was set on foot for a hospital in Fatehgarh Town,
which »nay be regarded as the precursor of the Civil Hospital.
Funds were raised by subscription from the residents of the Station ;
and the Govemor-General on behalf the East India Company
donated a monthly grant of 150 sicca rupees. The Hospital was
located in the Sudder Bazar, and its site was opposite the present
Municipal Office. Here it remained until 1870, when new buildings
were ei*ected in the compound of the old Church at a cost of
Rs. 5,680. The west end and tower of the Chuich were converted into
wards, and added to the Hospital. A large subscription Avas given
by one Panna Lai, and the new establishment was often called after
his name.

3. Julius Jeff I’eys. 18525-31. He is said to have been the first
to suggest Simla as a hill station. In 1836 he invented the respirator.
He went in for trade, and was a local manufacturer of saltpeti*e.

4. J. Goss. 1832-40. Mentioned by Miss Eden in her “Up
the Country Letters”. He was an eccentric character, who had
eventually to leave on medical certificate. He made ex|>eriments in
magnetism, and had curious notions on the situation of the North Pole.

5. T. C. Hunter. 1841-44. Traces of him are to be found in
the Registrar’s Office ; for he lent money on mortgages of landed
projKirty. He resided in a house, the site of whicli is now covered
by the compound of the District Traffic Sujxjrintendent. He died
at CViwnpore in 1858 as a result of hardships experienced during the
Mutiny.

6. G. Grant. 1845-46. Lived in No. 19 Bungalow.

7. W. B. Macleod. 1847 48. Lived in No. 19 Bungalow.
His wife is buried in the Fort cemetery. He received the decoration

of the C.

B. in 1850.

Dr. Gerrard.

ists-w,

A, J. Payne.

1849-51.

Still living in 1913.

10.

S, Maltby.

18.5^-57.

Killed at Cawnporc, 1857

VVitfi one or two exceptions all Uivil Surgeons lived in No. 19
Bungalow.

Hospital affaii-s were managed by n body, calling itself the Dis-
pensary ( 'ommittee. Most of the records exbint deal with its operations
in the City, where two dispensaries were working by 1840. There was
also a hospital in the Jail. In addition to his medical duties, the Civil
Surgeon was postmaster for the District. Not seldom he served ns
secretary on many and various local committees, such as those looking
after the roads, or the Farrukhabad School.

Thk Park.

In 1850 a property of 150 acres in extent was formed by the direc-
tions of the Government of India for Maharaja Dhuleep Singh of the

150

Punjab, on his being sent from Lahore to live at Fatehgarh. A Doctor
Login (afterwards Sir John Login) accompanied him as guardian, for the
Maharaja was young boy, and his education had to be supervised. Doctor
Login acquired all the land within the space which stretched from Rani
Ghat up to and including the present Officers’ Mess and No. 4 Bungalow.
This area was then called The Park The 1835 map will show that a
number of residences were dotted about in it, the biggest of which was
Martin’s House. Doctor Login purchased them all for the Maliaraja,
and breaking down the compound walls, thi*ew them into one. Very little
has been discovered about their previous history. Out of nine houses
only two remain in use to-day, and even they are not the original struc-
tuix^s. Five disappeared in the Mutiny, and were never rebuilt. Two
were demolished in 19J^5. The sole remaining houses in the Park are
numl)ered 4 and 5, the latter being more generally known as the Officers’
Mess, and since they were always part of the Park property, they will be
tnore conveniently described along with the others purchased by Maharaja
Dliuleep Singh.

It has already lieen shown that this corner of Fatehgarh (’amp had
liecn in occupation since the coming of the Temporary Brigade ; and
(’aptain Primrose I’hompson marked out sites for officers’ quarters along
the bank of the Ganges from Hospital (ihat to Hargadia Ghat. From
the records of the eighteenth century it appears that the bungalows, mere-
ly thatched roofs supported by mud walls, were erected by the first comers
themselves, and passed on from officer to officer by sale, each occupant
contributing some improvement to the property. In this manner the
large house, known as “ Martin’s House”, had passed into the possession
of Government by purchase from Major Pringle, the Barrack Master, for
4,785 sicca rupees in April 1795. For the next twelve years the General
Hospital for FAiropeans and Indians was set up here ; and the establish-
ment was moved to more modest quarters in the old Head Surgeon’s
house by Hospital Ghat, when Fatehgarh ceased to be the headquarters
of a brigade. Mr. Martin acquired the house in 1807 at a time when all
the old houses in Cantonments were passing into the hands of wealthy
indigo planters and cotton merchants. Of Martin there are very scanty

151

details. He was connected with the indigo planting at Shainsabad, and
the Fatehgarh-nania mentions him as a wealthy planter, who Imd lost his
money by 18B7. His decline, however, began long before that date. In
1825 he was forced to assign the house to a banker, named Seth Lachmi
Chand, in i*edemption of a loan. He himself lived probably in a house,
surrounded by gi’oves of trees, close to the present rifle range by the
Fort. It is known that at any rate he was the owner of it.

Martin’s House is interesting in more than one way. It is the only
pre- Mutiny house of which a contemporary plan has been found. Al-
though they passed away more than^ seventy-five years ago, the boundaries
of its garden are known, and it is easier to conjure up a picture of this
house than of any of the others which disappeared in the Mutiny, and
are only known by name and a few slight traces on the ground. The
gateway of the compound can he made out at a spot nearly opposite the
entrance to the compound of No. 2 Bungalow, where in fact a path leads
across the old garden to Rani Ghat. Proceeding in a perfectly straight
line from the gate of No. 2 Bungalow towards the Ganges, the site of the
house will be seen on the high ground overlooking the river. A (mnton-
ment incinerator marks the spot. To the north is the deep gully leading
to Rani Ghat, which was converted into a private road by Maharaja
Dhuleep Singh, It is said to have been a covered way, so that the
Maharaja’s sister-in-law could go to bathe in the Ganges without Ix^ing
seen. The Maharaja kept his boats moored by the pipal tree at the ghat.
Another story is that a Rani, sailing down the (ianges in the times of the
Mnhratta raids, landed here to secrete her jewels. This tradition has
given rise to treasure seeking operations in No. 2 Compound, which have
left their mark. The compound was bounded on the south by the wide
nullah, which here bisects the Park. The nullah was crosse<l by a bridge,
the remains of which can be seen buried in the undergrowth, and the
house had a south entrance beyond it. The stables and servants houses
lined the nullah by this gate. The house itself was flat roofed and solidly
built. The drawing room was within fifty yards of the stream, which
was approached by a sloping bank. The interior of the house was of the
type which is usually to be seen in pre-Mutiny brick houses. The chief

152

rooms were three lofty ones in the centre. They were divided from each
other by arches, or columns. This arrangement can be seen perfectly in
the present Collector’s house. The front verandah, which faced No. 2
Bungalow, was approached by a flight of steps. The bedroom was on
the north side, the coolest side of the house, and disproportionately small.
The odd feature was that on the south side there were no rooms at all,
but a walled garden was attached to it. Although the house was a large
one, it had only an antechamber and three chief living rooms.

The first occupant, who is known, was Mr. Nislxjt (Collector 1829-32.
Died 1882). The next Collector did not take the house, and at this date
the chief officials lived anywhere they liked in the Station. This house,
however, was a favourite both of Collectors and Judges, and, indeed, it
had one of the best situations in Fatchgarh. Its most famous tenant was
probably the Hon. F. J. Shoi*e (Judge 1831-35. Died 1837), the son of
Sir John Shore, afterwards Lord Teignmouth, who as Governor-General
in 1796 had Ijcen so concerned over the mutinous conduct of the Fateh-
garh garrison. Mr. Shore was the last Judge Magistrate and the first
Sessions Judge of the District. There ai’e numerous letters of his in the
records, which reveal him to have been an official of sound common sense,
and in ideas startingly modern. In spite of personal eccentricities, which
he probably exaggerated, he was far in advance of his times. His “ Notes
on Indian Affairs ” created some sensation when they were published.
His account of a district officer’s work under the East India Company’s
(iovernment is all the more interesting because it tells of conditions in
Farrukha!)ad District, and was written just after he bad left on titinsfer
to Dehra Dun. He invented the well-known treadmill in the Jail, and
took to wearing Mussalman costume. This foible was the cause of a
Government order, which forbade the Company’s officei*s to adopt such
dress. A contemporary description of him in 1827 by Captain Mundy,
is as follows : “ A tall handsome man with a long Inward, and dressed in

Mussalman costume. A great shikarri, the verandahs and rooms of his
house filled with stuffed animals. He had two tame beai*s which sat either
side of him at meals, and ate their food out of wooden bowls.” In one of
his letters Shore refers to his having been stationed in Fatehgarh in 1820.

15«

He came out to India only two yeai*s before, and must have been an
Assistant Collector. He s^xjut a good deal of money on the house, and
much beautified the grounds. In a very interesting letter of ho

describes an incident at the house, in which he narrowly escai)e<l a mur-
derous assault. It was his custom to have arrested pei'sons brought to
the house by the Police, so that he could personally interrogate them. A
person who had been arrested for murder, was sitting under the porch
by the front steps, guarded by policemen, while Shore himself was work-
ing in the antechaml)er with several court officials around him. Suddenly
the prisoner stood upright, seized a sword from one of the policemen, and
cut both his guards down. Leaping up the steps, lie rushed into the
room, and darted at Shore who was seated at a table. The Nazir, who
was standing by the table, seized the man and after receiving several
wounds in the process, forced him into a corner of the room, wliere he was
secured. Shore says the whole incident was over in a few seconds, and
but for the promptitude of the Nazir, he could not have esca|)ed injury.
He had hardly time to scramble to his feet and get his own sword, an in-
teresting sidelight on the customs of when the Magistrate apparently

kept a sword by him for protection, or as part of his magisterial equipment !

There is no information as to wlio succeeded Mr. Shore in the house.
Mr. Robinson, Collector nt the time, lived in the last house in the Civil
Lines (see chapter X). In 1887 Mr. Campbell (Collector 1887-4*8) took
up his abode here, and for the next twelve years Martin’s House changed
its name to that of “ Tlie Collector’s House ”, and all the permanent
Collectors of that period adopted it as their residence. Mr. Trench
(1848-44) and Mr. Gubbins (1844-45) followed in turn as tenants. Tla*
latter afterwards became Financial Commissioner of Oudh, and wrote an
account of the Mutinies in that province. Gubbins* House in the Residency
Compound in Lucknow was one of the famous posts held during the siege.
Mr. Gubbins left at the end of the year, and the house was temporarily
vacant, the new Collector, Mr. Astell (1845-47) not yet having arrived.
Nawab Doolah of Shamsabad seized the opportunity of using the premises
for a big dinner to be given to his European and Indian friends. In his
Persian diary he wrote a most diverting account of this entertainment.

154

which happily has been written in the only volume of this diary in
existence. The dinner was Hxe<l for the 15th Deceinlier 1845. Mr.
James Mercer (1 788-1 H5J3. Buried in the Fort cemetery), the Sub-
ordinate Judge, made all the arrangements, and his cook prepared both
the English and Hindustani dinners.

At 7 p. m. on the 15th l)et«ml)cr the guests l^egan to arrive. From
the gate (near the entrance of No. Bungalow) up to the house door
were rows of lighted lamps, between which the guests drove up in their
buggies and phaetons to be received by the Nawab and Mr. Mercer on
the house steps. They then passcul into the drawing room, and were
made to sit in a large circle around the fire, until Mr. Tyler (retired
1854. Died 1891 ), the Judge and Agent to the Governor-General, made
his cei*emonious arrival. Meanwhile the band of the 48rd N. I. took up
their station in a corner of the room, and (jommeneed to play ns soon as
the company had departed to a round rooni on the north side for dinner.
Twenty-two persons sat down, the Hindustani guests having already
started dinner in another room adjoining. The chief guests, besides
Mr. Tyler, were a (’olonel Watts and Captain Cutler, both of the British
Army ; Mr. Turner of the Board of Revenue (Judge at Fatehgarh in
18Ji(). Died 1866) ; IVIr. Maclean (a planter from Shnhjahanpiir, who
afterwards resided in No. ^ Bungalow, and was killed in the Mutiny) ;
Mr. Moir, a trader and planter, (living in the present Raja of 'Tirwa’s
house) ; R. J. Tucker (Joint Magistrate); Doctor Hunter (Civil Surgeon);
Major A. Tucker (1806-91. Agent Clothing Factory); and Major
Abl>ott (1804-67. Agent Gun Carriage Factory).

Nawab Doolah wrote down the subjects of conversation at dinner in
gitiat detail. The merits of Simla, Subathu, and Mussoorie as hill stations
were canvassed, after which followed a long discussion on China and
Thil)et. The guests drank a good deal of wine out of glasses of diffei’ent
colours. When dessei-t was put on the table, Mr. MaeWhirter (a Deputy
Collector) smoketl his huqqa. The Nawab probably noted this, because
the practice was in 1845 an old-fashioned one, the huqqa having been
supplanted by cheroots. Mr. Tyler gave the toast of the Queen, where-
upon all stood up and drank to her health. Next, the guests lifted up

155

their glasses and drank to the health ol their host. 1 salaamed/' writes
the gratified Nawab, “ and the guests shouted hip hip hurrah at the top
of their voices.” The whole company, conducted by the Nawab then
trooped out of the house, and sat shivering with cold on the chabutra in
order to watch a display of fireworks on the Ganges, which lasted two
houi*s. At a late hour return was made to the drawing room to watch a
nautch dance. Cardamons wern distributed, and each guest was decora-
ted with a garland. Sup|)er was then served. The Nawab left at this
stage, and the rest of his observations are the result of his enquiries next
morning. Mr. MaeWhirter made the nautch dancers also have supper ;
and much wine was consumed, Mr. MaeWhirter himself becoming so
inebriated as to fall down and take no further paj’t in the proceedings.
Mr. Mercer and many other guests, exti*cmely tipsy, were carried to their
homes in palanquins.

After Mr. Astell two other Collectors had their residence in the old
house before it was altered for Maharaja Dhuleep Singh, namely,
Mr. Timins (1847-49) and Mr. Cuiminghamc (1849-5()). The latter,
however, vacated the house in November 1S50. All the houses in the
Park had been acquired in April, and this house had been left to the last
out of deference to the Collector. Doctor Login purchased it from Seth
Lachmi Chand for Rs. 15,000. The house was rebuilt and enlarged.
Doctor Login had noted its fine centre rooms, and with additional rooms
on both sides of them, he prepared a residence for the Maharaja himself,
which was impressive enough to be styled a palace by the Tlme.s War
Correspondent in 1858. The rooms were fumished throughout in
European style with the best English furniture. Lord Dalhousie, the
Governor-General, visited Fatehgarh in 1851, expressly to see if the
Maharaja was comfortable. He visited the house on the iiJoth Deceml>er,
inspecting the rooms and the grounds. Tlie Maharaja expressed his
intention of becoming a Christian, and there was some talk with the
Governor-General about it. On the 8th March 1858 he was actually
baptised by Mr. Jay, the Chaplain, in this very house.

The Maharaja took up his residence here from 1851 to February
1854 when he left for England. He never retuiTied Ui Fatehgarh

156

Mr. Buller (Judge 185JiJ-56) was permitted to move in some time during
1854, as there seemed no prospect of the Maharaja’s return. After Mr.
Buller cauic Mr. R.B. Thornhill (1856-57), who was killed at Cawnpore
with the other fugitives from Fatehgarh during the Mutiny. It has not
lK‘en possible to discover any reason why the District Judges deserted
their old residence (the present Collector’s house). Nawab Doolah makes
a curt entry in his diary to the effect that Mr. Buller in l85Ji could not
obtain any house, and was living in tents behind the Judge’s court house.
hAentually he found lodging in the present Judge's house, but moved
later to the Maharaja’s j)lace. All the houses in the Park were found to
be in the possession of various officers, when the Mutiny broke out. They
had been j)ut into good order by Doctor Login, and the Maharaja
apparently preferred not to let them stand empty. There is a very slight
clue to the residence of Mr, Thornhill being in the Park, and as the
occupants of nearly all the other bungalows are known, he must have
followed Mr. Buller in the Maharaja’s own house. Mrs. Thornhill was a
grand- daughter of the famous actress, Mrs. Siddons. Very likely it was
in this house that during the dark days preceding the outbreak of the
Mutiny on the 17th June 1857, Mrs. Thornhill worked hard at preparing
Indian costumes as disguises for her family with the help of the wife of
Mohamed Saiced Khan, a clerk in the Judge’s Office. This interesting
tradition has been communicated by this Indian official’s son, Khan
Bahadur Abdul Hamid Khan, who often heard the story from his mother’s
lips. When the residents of the Station took refuge in the Fort on the
18th elune, Likha Singh of Allahganj crossed the river and pillaged the
Maharaja’s house, removing the furniture in boat loads. The house
itself was left a mass of ruins. The Valuation Committee was unable to
assess it at any good sum. The Maharaja was unlikely ever to return,
and no one else was willing to rebuild it. The house was therefore
demolished in 1859, and the site has remained bare ever since. So deso-
late is the spot that it is difficult to imagine the splendour of this estate,
laid out with lawns and Hower f>eds, and covered with a profusion of
flowering trees ami shrubs. It is said that there were shady walks in
every direction, and the Fatehgarh residents were accustomed to visit this

157

end of the Station in order to catch a glimpse of the Maharaja hunting
with his hawks in the grounds, or emerging from the gates for his morn-
ing ride. The Maharaja observed due ceremony in his morning outing,
and the spectacle was a favourite one in Fatehgarh. In the cavalcade
were his nephew, British officers, and Sikh attendants, all well mounted.
He was always escorted by a detachment of two Indian officers and twenty-
five men of the Governor-Generars bodyguard in scarlet uniforms, as well
as by a troop of Skinner’s Horse in yellow. In the evening when not
busy with his hawks, lie usually rode in a carriage with four grey Arabs,
driven by an English coachman.

A series of households was set up in the other houses within the
Park. Besides the Maharaja’s place, there were eight other residences,
seven of which were tliatched bungalows of varying sizes. In one
lived the Hani Duknu, the Maharaja’s sister-in-law; in a second the
Diwan and Sikh attendants; in a third the English tutor, Guise; in a
fourth Elliott, the steward; in a fifth Thornton, the coachman. Two or
three houses formed a depository for v.aluable eijuipment. They were
called the ‘‘toshak khana”. I’he site of the reinaining house is occupied
by the new Officers’ Mess of the 10/7th Rajput Regiment, the old house
which was the abode of Doctor Login, having been pulled down in IDJio.
The mud walled bungalow of the eighteenth century gave way to a brick
house. The last officer owner sold it to 'William Jennings, merchant,
about 180(). Jennings, like Martin and many other adventurers, had
capital behind him ; and in his family fortunes had so'deelined that

he had to jiart with the house to Thomas ( Juireher, an indigo planter, for
Rs. 8,000. 'Fhe (’hurcher family had to sell out to Doctor Login in
April 1850. I^ady Login writing the memoir of her husband in after
year’s, unfortunately made no de.scription of her home at this place ; hut
it was a pleasant one, and from other sources one gathers the Logins did
much entertaining. I.ady Login mentions the bringing of Colonel
Mountain to this house in 1854. He was accompanying the Coinniander-
in-Chief on tour, and was taken ill near Fatehgarh. Despite all that Mrs.
Mountain ami Lady Login could do, the sick man never rallied, and he
died on the 8th February. Shortly after, the logins left for England,

158

and since there was no chance of their i*eturniiig, the Maharaja having
lK>ught an estate in England, the Commanding Officer of the lOth N. L
(Lt.-Colonel G. A. Smith) took [x>ssession in 1856. When the mutiny
of the regiment was imminent, the house was selected as a rallying point
for the residents of the Station. The decision, however, was altered in
favour of the Fort. After the Mutiny the Officers Commanding Fatehgavh
continued to live in the house up to the year 1880 at least. It was
finally demolished in HF25 to make way for the new Mess.

North of the Officers’ Mess is a hillock, overlooking the Ganges,
which was the site of a small bungalow. It was bought by Doctor Login
along with the big house of Thomas Churcher, and in the sale deed of the
latter house it is described as the bungalow in the comj>ound with a buggy
house and servants’ quarters. A pensioner, named Assisbint Commissary
Robert Kcmball, was the occupier from 18iii6 to 184J:J, His daughter,
Dolly Kemball, was one of the few residents who escajxjd from Fatehgarh
in the Mutiny.

In pre-Mutiny times a road divided the Churcher and Kemball
houses from No. 4 Bungalow. It started where the gates of the Mess
now stand, and ran by the pi’esent racquet court in a straight line to the
nullah, which it crossed by a bridge, giving access to the south entrance
of Martin’s compound. The metalled road, which l>ears to the north-
west, and crosses the nullah by the existing bridge, is a construction of the
sixties, when the Park was turned into a soldiers’ garden. The gates of
the Churcher* and Kemball houses stood on the east of this old roml; while
on the west was a bungalow Ixihind No. 4, the lines of which ai*c visible
on the ground. The metalled road, crosses a corner of the old house,
which in 1844 belonged to Mr. Mercer, and in that year was his residence,
for Nawab Doolah used to call upon him there. Houses changed owners
rapidly in those days. Subordinate officers, clerks, and Eurasian
residents invested their savings nearly always in the purchase of these
small bungalows, bopiug to make profit by selling them again. Mercer
sold this house in 1845 to Mrs. Mary Bibi Hennessy, an Indian latly in
No. Bungalow. In 1846 she sold it to Mrs. Anne Macklin, wife of the
Collectorate Head Clerk, for Rs. 500. In 1850 Doctor Login Wiis forced

159

to acquire the conqK)un(i in oixJcr to form the Park pi*operly, aiul Mrs.
Macklin i-eaj)eil a hanilsome profit by ^^ettiiig Hs. 1,700 for this insif^nifi-
cant building, which could never have Ixien inoi'c tlian a cottage.
Macklin, his wife, and eight children were murdered at Cawnpore in 1857
after getting away from Fatehgarh in the first Imat journey. No. 4*
Bungalow had l^elonged to Naw'ab Hakim Mohdi Ali Khan. HLs heir,
Munawwar-ud-Dow'lah, presented it to the Maharaja as a gift. The name
of not a single one of its occupiers is known. It was a thatched house
up to recent years, and has lieen rebuilt with a flat cement roof after an
outbreak of fire.

West of No. 4 Bungalow is a bare plot, which since 1857 has not
Ixicn built upon. Thei*e was, however, always a house here from the
earliest times up to the Mutiny. It lielonged to the Paul family, whose*
history has been given in chapter V. In 1848 Musammat Joubc Paul,
widow of “ Mr. Paul, shopkeeper,” mortgaged the property, which was
sj>ecified as a thatched bungalow with outhouses and six trees includiiig a
tamarind. This tamarind tree still is to 1 m; seen on the northern boun-
dai'y, close by the tomb of Catherine Paul, and is a fine specimen of its
kind. The main entrance to the compound and the front verandah faced
west, that is, towards the present Indian Military Hospital. The deed
of mortgage also discloses that Mrs. Paul was known locally as Bibi
Khubi and Bibi Chhoti, and lived herself in the adjoining bungalow to
the north. She was undoubtedly the Indian wife of Laui-ence Paul’s son.
The bungalow she lived in was a very small one, which judging by its
successor, built on the same foundations, had one main room and two small
apartments like bathrooms. The thatched house on this site was used as
the Club library up to 1925 and was only a few yards from No. 5
Bungalow, which was the Club building. Both these Paul properties were
sold in 1849 to the Hevd. Gopinath Nande of the American Presbyterian
Mission at Rakha. He, in tum, had to .sell them to Doctor Login within
eight months for Rs. 2,S00. This was a low price for two compounds
with bungalows and all accessories.

No. 3 Bungalow can be traced by the only existing i*elic of Maharaja
Dhuleep Singh’s stay at Fatehgarh. His swimming bath, which was in

100

use by Club members up to 1925, remains, ojxin to the sky, to mark the
site. This house, known in 1880 as No. 0 Bungalow, was a long narrow
building, running east and west, the swimming bath being at its eastern
end. It was the toshak khana of the Maharaja, where liis tents, howdahs,
and equipment were kept. Sergeant Elliott, formerly of the Bengal
Sapjjers, was his steward in charge of this depository, and I’eshled in one
of the Paul bungalows close by. He married a daughter of Maclean, the
indigo planter, who was in No. 2 Bungalow when the Mutiny broke out.
Elliott remained on in charge of the Maharaja’s estate, and wrote by
every mail to the Logins. His letters, describing the events leading up to
the Mutiny, were interesting enough to be sent on to Queen Victoria for
jxjrusal as soon as they arrived in England. Most unfortunately no trace
of them is now to be found, and a valuable contribution to the history of
the Mutiny at Fatehgarh has l)cen lost. Long before his last letters
reached the Logins, the writer, his wife, and five children had lost their
lives at (.’awnpore. Likka Singh of Allahganj emptied the store houses,
when he looted the estate, and it was estimated at his trial that he had
caused the Maharaja a loss of over a lakh of rupees in stealing furniture,
plate, tents, and e(|uipment. In addition, he had taken the building to
pieces, brick by brick, in the search for hidden treasure to such good
purpose that a year later the Valuation (’ommittee could find nothing to
value at all. The Maharaja received no comjKinsation from Government
for liis losses, though he applied for it.

I'he Fatehgarh Club must have come into existence very soon after
the Mutiny, for in 1885 the Club Committee sold the buildings, which
they had erected, to a local banker. The earliest arrangements were
primitive in the extreme. The Committee had apparently exhausted its
funds by rebuilding No. 8 Bungalow and the small Paul bungalow to
contain a library. Furniture it had none. Isan Chandar Deb, the old
Head Clerk of the Gun (^irriage Agency, was given a contract to supply
tables, chairs, and refreshments. The hard Court, just visible under the
eucalyptus trees, appears in several old photographs taken fifty or sixty
years ago. Tennis players did not trouble to change in those days, and
one gentleman is wearing a bowder hat ! The game chiefly played appears

101

*to have been badminton ; and several residents of the Town remember
ladies playing badminton in the old racquet court in the seventies.
There are no old records of the Club.

The road between the Indian Military Hospital and the Park is
named Park Lane. There was another bungalow on this road to the
north of the old Club, which belonged to the Park, and was of course
bought by Doctor Login. Its foundations are on the northern edge of the
deep nullah, which cuts the Park into two. In 18SJ3 the occupier was
stated to l 3 e the wife of Colonel Healy. This officer has not been
identified. Thei*e was a quartermaster-sergeant of the iind Nassiri
Battalion of this name, who was buried in the Fort cemetery in the
twenties. He left a wife and three children. In 1857 Mr. Guise, the
Maharaja’s tutor, was living in this tiny house, which from its situation
might be called the lodge by the Maharaja’s gate. Guise was an estimable
man, specially selected by Doctor Login. When the Maharaja left
Fatehgarh, Guise went into partnership with Maclean, who lived opposite
in No. 2. Both Guise and his wife lost their lives in the Mutiny. They
accompanied the Maclean family in the first flight from Fatehgarh. They
were also friends of the American missionaries at Kakha ; and it is
recorded that on the J^nd June 1857 the missionaries spent their last night
in Fatehgarh, some with Guise in this house, and others in No. ^
Bungalow, as Maclean had offered them accommodation in his boat along
with the Guises and his own family. There was one other property in the
Park called ‘‘ an enclosure ” belonging to Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan.
Its use is not known, and its exact location is doubtful. Some records
place it north of the Macklin house ; some in the middle of the nullah,
where there are traces of a building ; others show it to coincide with No. 8
Bungalow.

A few details have l)een brought to light about the remaining
bungalows of Cantonments. They will be described by the numl^ers
allotted to them in 1880. Before that date they l>ore no number at all.
For the sake of easy identification the 1880 numl)ers have been given on
the 1885 map at the end of this volume ; but it has to Ixj undei’stood that
every house was known then by the name of its owner. Just Ixjfore the

102

Mutiny a great niauy houses passed into the liands of a local money lender,
named Babu Kanhaya Lai, by sale, or mortgage with possession. All his
papers have unluckily been destroyed by hre, and except for a few stray
ilocuuients, salvaged from the ruins of the Registrar s office after the
Mutiny, no source of information now exists. Including three houses i!i
the Park, the numbers in 1880 ran from 1 to iiO as follows :

A o. 1 Bungalow . — The only sale deed extant is one of 1820. Charles
Dubois sold the house to Sunder Lai. It is described as being bounded
on the south by the wall of the Mint. Notice of the Dubois family will
be found in chapter 1. F. de Seran Dubois was an indigo planter at
Fatehgarh in 1825. Both he and Charles Dubois must be related to
Lieut.-Colonel Simpson Dubois (1758-1808), who helped to raise the
Doobye-ki-paltan on 1808 at Fatehgarh. In 1857 the building was in
use tis a military hospital. It was pulled down in 1925.

No. 2 Bungalow . — The compound was half of its present extent
before the Mutiny, as there was another compound in its northern portion,
belonging to Abdul Rahman, a Deputy Collector. Some time prior to
1829 Henry Michael Hennessy purchased this house, which was then a
C'antonment house. He signed the memorial of 1829 protesting against
the claim of the Officer Commanding to eject civilian residents from
(’antonments at will. He himself, however, w^ls never disturbed, and he
continued to live here up to 1840, w'hen he probably retired from his
ap|>ointment as accountant in the Army Clothing F^actory, and selling
out to Maclean, the indigo planter, left Fatehgarh for good. The earliest
mention of the family at Fatehgarh is in the marriage register. On the
loth September 1827, Mary Hennessy (^ic) wjis married to George Tuttle.
It is thus certain that the family was established in the Station for more
than twenty years. The only other reference to Hennessy is in a Customs
Department record. In 1882 he was caught trying to smuggle a boat
load of hides from the river front.

H. M. Hennessy had a remarkable son, who was born on the 1st
August 1829, and most likely in this house. He was baptised at Fatehgarh
on the 2l8t March 1880 ; and the Diettonarg of' National Biography^
therefore, is wrong in giving Ids place of birth as Fateh pur, for the

108

family was certainly at Fatehgarh during the whole of 18529 and 1880
The Christian names of Hennessy’s son, John Babonau Nickterlein, link
him with the two Fatehgarh familes of those names. One godfather was
thus Henry Babonau (1765-1834'), the Assistant Commissary of Ordnance
at the Fort, whose children are buried in the Kasim Bagh cemetery. An
account of the other, John Nickterlein (indigo planter), will be found in
chapter X. The names are spelt in various ways, not only by the records,
but also by the bearers of the names themselves. The eminence to which
J. B. N. Hennessy attained in after life, is evident from the words of his

obituary notice in the Times oi the 525th May 1910 : “Hennessy On

the 23rd inst., at his residence, Merrium, Alleyn Park, Dulwich, John
Baboneau Nickterlien Hennessey, C.I.E., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S.,
late Deputy Superintendent, Survey of India, aged 80 years of age.” The
diversity of the spelling of Hennessy ’s names is striking. Captain Bullock,
who discovei'ed that this Hennessy of the Survey of India was connected
with Fatehgarh, found after research that the original spelling was
Babonau Nickterlein, which was varied in after life by Hennessy himself
to Baboneau Nichterlein. This explanation is necessary, for the Diction-
ary of National Bioyraphy gives the extraordinary vei*sion of Bobonau
Nickerlieu. The surname was always written without the third “ e ” by
Hennessy, senior.

Hennessy was admitted to the junior brancdi of the great trigono-
metrical survey. The notice of his life states that : “ For some years
he worked in the mai*shy jungles of Bei^al and the North-West Provinces
bordering the Nepal Terai. Of the party of 140 officers and assistants,
which he joined j 40 were carried off by fever in a few days, and he was
often incapacitated by illness. But his zeal and thoroughness attracted
notice, and, transferred to the Punjab in 1850, he fixed the longitudimil
position of Lahore, Amritsar etc.” He was at length promoted to the
senior branch. The years 1863 to 1865 he spent at Jesus College, (Tun-
bridge, studying mathematics, and one of the results of his visit to
England was the introduction of photo-zincogi*aphy, rendering possible
the rapid reproduction of maps, at survey headquarters. The following
years were passed in survey and astronomical pursuits, and a goo<l deal of

1(>4

literni’y work was Accomplished. In 188i5 he was deputy surveyor-general
and retired the next year, taking up his residence at Mussoorie for several
years. His son, an olficer in the Indian Ariny, was killed in action in
Waziristan in 1900.

No, 3 Bungalow, The old ('lub. See The Park

No. Bungalow, See The Park

No. o Bungalow, Officers’ Mess, See “ The Park

No. 0 Bungalow, Before the Mutiny this was the residence of
Munawwar-ud-Dowlah, or General Ahmad Ali Khan, nephew and heir of
Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan. Mrs. Fanny Parks met him at Fatehgarh
in 1805. He returned to Lucknow with his uncle in 1807, and never resided
at Fatehgarh again. He was always General ” at Fatehgaih, and was
a fine shot with both riHa and gun. East of No. 0 was a house owned
by Babu Kanhaya Lai. Its foundations can be made out. To the south,
and behind the servants’ quarters of No. 6 was the East India Company’s
school for European children, where the young Heniiessy received his
education at the hands of James Sheppard or Shepherd. Sheppard
married Elizabeth DeGruyther in 18Ji9, and one of his daughters married
Madden, whose house occupied the site of All Souls Church. Sheppard
was succeeded by Mr. and Mrs. Shiels, or Sheels. Both were killed at
C!awnpore in company with the Maddens in 1857. There had been a
Conductor Moses Sheels living at Fatehgirh froio 1838. It cannot be
said exactly whether he became schoolmaster himself, or was a relation
of the schoolmaster. Under the management of the Shiels, the School
achieved some renown, and many children came to it from other districts.
The Mutiny novel, “ Mariam ”, a copy of which is in the Club library,
mentions that Mariam herself was a scholar at this school, and w^as sent
home to Shahjahanpur just before the outbreak of the Mutiny. Mariam
was a Miss LeMaistre, her father being the Head Clerk of the Collector’s
office at Shahjahanpur. The book is founded on fact. The School was
approached by a lane, running from the Strand Road to the Mall.

No. 7 Bungalow, Robert Carshoi'e (1767-1821. Buried in the
Fort cemetery) bought the house in 1806 from a militai’y officer. He was a
wealthy cotton merchant, and did not live to see the eclipse of his family.

105

1837 his widow, Mary Cnrshore, and Joseph, his son, had to mortgage
the house to Bibu Kanhaya Lai for Rs. 1,500. Joseph was working for
his living as a clerk in the Collector's office. In 1880 the Opium Officer
lived in the house. It has been completely rebuilt recently. The old
house was a thatched bungalow of the usual ty[)e.

A^o. 8 Bungalow, No residents of this house are known by name.

No, 9 Bungaloxv, Between Nos. 7 and 0, rather near the road, was
a house known as the Kot Master’s house. The derivation of “ Kot
Master ” is not certain. It has a different meaning to that of “ Kot
Sahib Captan or Barrack Master, for both terms occur in the same
lists. Mt. Ashuran, described as the wife of Sir Edward Colebrooke,
mortgaged the house to Babu Kanhaya Lai in 1830 for Rs. J2,()00. The
property, according to the deed of mortgage, comprised a thatched
bungalow, a bottle khana, stables, and nine outhouses. In 1880 the
occupier is recorded as the “ Stamp Press Sahib ”, whatever that may
mean. No. 9 itself is an old site. Twining seems to have lived in it in
1794, having borrowed the house from an officer on leave. Mt. Amina
Khanum, the wife of Doctor Johnston (Civil Surgeon 181()-24), sold it to
Babu Kanhaya Lai in 1844. Two years later it was in ruins. There
was a small grove of twelve trees in the north-west corner by the road,
remnants of which still exist, and the trees are shown in the 1841) map.
The house was rebuilt in i860 after having been (destroyed in th(^ Mutiny.
The District Opium Officer occupied it for many years.

Ao. 10 Bungaloxc, This was called the “ Padre Sahib’s ” house
from having been usually in the occupation of the chaplains of Fatehgarh.
A chaplain was living in it in 1880. No old reconls of this house exist.
Fronting No. 10, on the southern side of Dorset Road, was the residence
of Doctor Lewis in 1814 Doctor Johnston followed him from 1816 to
1824. Mt. Amina Khanum sold it to Babu Kanhaya I.al in 1842.
Between this house and No. 12 was a thatched bungalow, also the pro-
perty of Babu Kanhaya Lai. It occupied a situation, whicli almost
corresponded with that of a house of J. G. Bruce, merchant, in 1814.
Boundaries were very loosely de.scribed in deeds of that j)eriod, and
Bruce’s house was probably here. Bruce was in Fatehgarh in 1824.

11 Himgalou'. Known as the “ Sahzada’s House Prince
Muzrtffar Bakht, grandson of the Emperor Shah Alam, adopted this place
as his residence after a brief stay at the Commissariat Godown in 1819.
He died in 1828, leaving three sons, who constructed three bungalows in
the compound. They were small houses, and fell into the hands of
Doctor Hunter (('ivil Surgeon 1841-44), who lived in the adjoining
house on the north. The three sons were extravagant and always in need
of money. Muzaffnr Bakht was allowe<l Rs. 25 daily by Government from
1810. Each of the sons received Rs. 200 per mensem. Yavar Bakht,
the eldest son died before 1846. Mohtesham Bakht went to Lucknow,
and Makhdum Bakht, after losing his bungalow, went to the City. The
flescendants of Yavar Bakht and Makhdum Bakht live in the City to
this day in great poverty. All these compounds, including that of
Doctor Hunter, are now covered by the District Traffic Superintendent’s
residence. Between Nos. 9 and 1 1 is the house of the Executive Engi-
neer of the B. B. k C. 1. Railway. It stands upon the site of a house,
which l)elonged to Nawab Iqbalmand Khan of the Bangash Nawab’s
family, who was hanged for his part in the Mutiny at Fatehgarh. Natu-
rally it came through the Mutiny unscathed. It was confiscated and put
up to sale by Government. Bhajan Lnl bought the pro|Xirty, and the
house l)eing in good condition, it was used as the Officers’ Mess from
1860 onwards. It had a large c*entre hall, four bed rooms, but only one
bathroom !

No. HungaUnc, Tlic home of the Bircli family. Stephen Birch
served under George Thomas, and undcu* Perron in Scindia’s army. In
1808 he accepted a British pension of Rs. 800 monthly. He served under
Lor<l Lake at the siege of Delhi in 1804 with a battalion of najibs from
Panipat. He seems to have come to Fatehgarli between that date and
1809, in which year he married Elizabeth Blake, the daughter of Robert
Blake, the Assay Master at the Mint. She died in 1840 and was buried
in the Fort cemetery. He died in 1844, but there is no record of his
death beyond the year, and there is nothing to show where he was buried.
There were three daughters, Mary Ann (married to Lieutenant John
Baldock in 1845), Rose Maria (married to Lieutenant H. A. Reid in

107

1840), and Harriet, who was the object of some sciindul in She

eloped with Nawab Sarbaland Khan of the Baiigiish family, and became
the second wife in his harem. She is described as a Eurasian, and her
mother was certainly one. Mr. Shore tried the case, which her father
instituted, but being of .age she refusetl to return to lier Imme, and the
chai’ge of abduction against the Nawab fell to the ground. Slic died in
the City on the 4th January 1892, aged 81 years. From 1857 to that
date she lived on a Government j)ension of Ks. 20 monthly and a little
money which her father left her in his will. There are a numlxir of
letters by her in the Mutiny records. The surviving mcml)ers of the
Bangash family, too, still preserve m.any letters, which show that after
the Mutiny she made a pathetic attempt to keep up relations with the
residents of Fatehgarh by sending presents of sweets and mangoes to the
chief officials. She had also some relations, connected with indigo plant-
ing, in Mainpuri District, with whom she w.as careful to keep on good
terms. She had one daughter, Ashraf-im-Nissa, who in her own right
enjoyed a pension of Rs. 10 monthly, and died, like her mother, at an
advanced age in Stephen Birch also had a son, James, who lived

on in No. 12 Bungalow, and was a noted pigeon fancier. He does not
occur in the Mutiny lists, and disap[)eared Indore 18.57. He married
Maria Bell in 1845.

Xo. IS Bungalow, Belonged to Mrs. Sarah Dyce in 18d3 (see
chapter X). The house fell into the hands of Babu Kanhaya Lai. The
mortgage deed mentions the old bridge of 1788 as being close by.

No. H Bungalow. The pro{>erty of a pensioner, named Potter.
Nothing is known about his family. A Rachel Potter was married in
1827 to C. McCarthy. Mrs. (.'arolinc Eh)tter was buried in the Fort
cemetery in 1859. The family became Eurasian, for of the two daughters,
Harriet and Susanna, the latter always signed her name as Jamiat Bibi.
Harriet had a nuraculous esca|Xi in the Mutiny, and was one of the sur-
vivors. In 1841 the house was bought by Sergt.-Major E. Chandler,
pensioner. In 1850 his widow (nee Charlotte Seapage. Married 1829),
sold it to the Revd. Gopinath Naiidc of the Rakha Mission. The wife of
an Edward John Chandler was buried in the old entrenchment of Almas

168

Ali Khan at Mehndi Ghat, and the inscription gives the date 1855. This
is the last mention of the Chandlers. South of No. 14 was the actual
residence of the Potter family. The (’antonment shops cover the site.
It was a small cottfige, and Habu Kanhaya Lai only gave Rs. J250
for it in 1850.

No, liunyalow. In the eighteenth century this compound marked
the left of the Infantry Lines of the Temporary Brigade, and the Sepoy
Guard Room was near the bridge over the nullah. George Westropp,
trader, bought the laml and erected the first house. He sold it in 1826
to Musharraf Ali Khan, private Secretary and agent to Nawab Hakim
Mehdi Ali Khan. His widow, Mt. Dulhan, transferred the whole pro-
[)erty for Rs. 500 to Charles C’awood (son of a jxinsioned Sergeant. Head
(’lerk of the Clothing Agency). Cawood, his wife, and two children were
killed at Cawnpore in 1857. He gave the house in 1847 to Mrs. Smith,
widow ol d. Smith (merchant). Smith had bought the present Judge’s
house, and lived in it from 1885 up to his death. Mrs. Smith had no
means, and sold the house in order to provide for herself.

Between Nos. 15 and 16, north of Post Office Road, there is a field,
which in 1846 contained a house belonging to Mrs. Hannah Collins. It
was burnt down just before the Mutiny. In January 1827 Mrs. Collins
sold the site for Rs. 650. Attached to the deed of sale is her family
seal, bearing the date 1826. For the Collins family see chapter X.

No, 16 HungaloK, The first Officers’ Mess was set up in it. The
date is unknown, but the Mess is mentioned as being here from 1845 to
1857. rhe house was rented from Mrs. Hannah Collins. Major Munro,
Lieutenants Simpson and Swetenharn, and Ensign Henderson, all of the
loth N. L, were living in the Mess at the outbreak of the Mutiny in June
1857. In 1880 the Barrack Master occupied it.

No, 17 HungaUnv, No. 17 together with No. 18 Bungalow formed
one compound. The house was the residence of the Commissioner of the
8rd Farrukhabad Division from 1829 to 1888. It was known as
“ Newnham Sahib’s House ”. Newnham was perhaps the most famous of
all the Bengal Civilians who worked at Fatehgarh up to the Mutiny. He
was intimately connected with the growth of the district a<lministration,

109

niul an account of his activities will be fouiul in chapter XI. He was
not only Collector of the District (18^4«-27), but was the first Goin-
missioner ; and he acquired this house during his time ns Collector. From
1925 to 1931 the house was the home of the Station Cl\d>.

No, 18 Bungaloxv. This was not an old house. It was built after
1860.

No, 19 Bungaknc, Between Nos. 18 and 19 is a bare held with a
shapeless mound in the centre, which is all that remains of the house of
the Nawabs of Farrukhabad. It was confiscated after the Mutiny, and
falling down, was never rebuilt. A few tombs of the Nawabs’ retainers
border the lane on the north, which used to run to the Strand Hoad, and
gave access to the Company’s School. No, 19 was always known as the
“ Surgeon Sahib’s House It was the home of regimental and civil
surgeons from the earliest times. In 1857 Doctor T. G. Heathcote,
Surgeon to the 10th N. I., had the house. He and his family were killed
in the Mutiny. The house belonged to Babu Kanhaya Lai.

No, ^0 Bungaloxc, The name ‘‘ Wright Sahib’s House ” was always
given to it. W. Wright was a Bengal Civilian, who was at Fatchgarh for
sixteen years (1810-26), as Assistant to the Judge, and as Judge. In
this house he probably wrote his famous report on the thugs, or stranglers,
which was interesting enough to be circulated in 1810 to all districts in
Bengal by the Government. The compound had ten trees up to the
Mutiny. It belonged to Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan, and for some
reason was singled out by the mutineers for destruction. Tlie Nawab’s
property was generally spared, .and the only reason for excepting this
house must have been that some unpopular officer lived in it. In 1859
the Valuation Committee found the ten trees, and two walls of the house,
standing. The property was valued at Rs. 310.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE CUSTOMS HOUSE.

N ear the junction of the Trunk and City Roads, and close to Ghatia
Ghat, stands the classic gate house of what was the Customs
House. Beyond a few warehouses and this gate with its guard rooms,
little now remains. The Court House, offices, and other buildings have
disappeared. The enclosure has only a few trees of great age and the
vestiges of a well to show. This Customs House was first established in
180f3, and its location was then in the City on the site of the present
Kotwali. It was a two-storeyed house with a tiled roof, and the Deputy
Collector of Customs also lived in it. The establishment, therefore, was
on a humble scale. It had been several years abandoned when handed
over to the Police in 1822, The Police moved in from the Kotwali in
Katra Ahmadganj, and rebuilt the premises in 1829. The new* Customs
House was set up in this compound by Ghatin Ghat. The actual Customs
buildings and offices were in the centre. Lieut. Walker, the Civil
Architect, was responsible for their erection, which was completed at a cost
of Rs. 20,000 in July 1816. Additions were constantly being made, and
in three years the office had become so ruinous as to necessitate the ex-
penditure of over Rs. 6,000 upon repairing it. In 1819 a mercantile
depot had to be constructed near the Customs House at great expense.
This was the name given to the long ranges of sheds and godowns, which
still remain today. Up to 1938 they were in use by the Opium Depart-
ment. The range parallel with the western wall was known as the Cotton
Sheds. Goods, arriving by river, had to be deposited in these warehouses
for fifteen days ; and if duty was not paid in that time, the articles were
confiscated. Other buildings were the existing gateway and side rooms.
The Provincial Battalion guarded the premises up to 1831, and afterwards
burkandazes lived in the guard rooms on each side of the entrance. The
enclosure was open to the river, the bank having been levelled to form a
(juay in 1827.

171

It does not require much imagination to picture the busy scenes
which made this spot the most important gathering-place of all the local
traders and importers during the first three decades of the nineteenth
century. At a time when railways wei’e not thought of, the Ganges was
the natural highway for commerce. Farrukhabad City became a great
emporium of trade, the value of which even by a rough estimate is
staggering to the present day merchant of the place. Local merchants
then dealt chiefly in gold and silver lace ; copper, brass, and iron, both
raw and manufactured ; cloth ; spices ; and borax from Hohilkhand. The
sales of gold and silver lace were estimated at Rs. i25,000 yearly. Metal
utensils, still one of the chief manufactui*es of the City, produced a trade
worth twenty-five lakhs. The total sales of cloth are said to have fetched
a million pounds sterling every year. Trade in wax at a period when
candles were the best illuminant at night, was worth Rs. J20,000 alone,
not to speak of more valuable trade in spices and borax. The average
estimate of the yearly value of trade at that epoch is one hundred and
sixty lakhs of rm)ees yearly. Farrukhabad’s position on the then frontier
of British India, and on tlie Ganges, brought it to this pre-eminence. By
1840 the position changed, and Cawnpore soon eclipsed Farrukhabad.

An account in detail of the Customs administration will be found in
Mr, Dewar’s “ Notes on the English Pre-Mutiny Records in the United
Provinces,” The Customs records relating to this District are the best
preserved in the Provinces, and date from 1810 to 1885, in which latter
year the local Customs was alxjlished in consequence of the establishment
of a Customs line on the frontiers of Gwalior, and a second line along
the Jumna. They are full of details of smuggling, evasion of duty, and
complaints by the public. The East India Company levied an ad valorem
duty of five per cent on imports, and two and a half per cent on exports
of all articles of trade. The duty was paid at the Customs House, and
the trader had to obtain a rawanna, or permit. The Custom House thus
became known in the vernacular as “ Permit Ghar.” On all the roads
around the City barriers were set within a radius of four miles. No goods
could pass beyond them until the permit was shown. There were also
town duties levied on goods sold in the bazars. The farm of these duties

was put up to auction, and was a lucrative sj^eculation. Transit dues
were exacted at toll barriei*s in the District. The well preserved toll
house at Khudaganj was not one of them. This house, which played a
part in the battle at Khudaganj in 1857, was not built until the year
1854, and was set up by the District Road Committee for levying a toll
to be spent on the upkeep of the newly metalled road from Gursahaiganj
to Fatchgarh, The Government retained the right to manufacture salt,
and a duty of Rs. U y)cr niaund was levied on imports of it. The Collec-
tor of (kistoms took five i>er cent commission on town dues, and one-fifth
of the value of all confiscated articles.

'Fhc Collector of Customs appears to liavc had little power to act on
his own authority. He had to get sanction, for example, to confiscate
tlu‘ee small cloths, which were found concealed under the saddle of a horse
at the Qadri Gate in Searches appear to have been thorough.

One |)erson entering the City was found to have nineteen strings of coral
in his loin-cloth ! Some bags of sweets were found to contain a few small
|)ieces of lace. Four shawls were discovered among a mass of goods
im})orted by Mr. T. Rutherford in 18Jiil. The year before Captain
Pogson of the 24th N. I. (at Bareilly) protested at being charged Rs, 86
on twenty-four pieces of chintz sent liim by a friend. The complaint
went up to Government, and the (Jollector of Customs had his explanation
taken for overcharging. The unfox-tunate Captain Pogson in the end
could not withstand the weight of officialdom ; for the Collector of
Customs, no doubt irritated by his effrontery, found he could impose an
additional duty of twenty jxer cent ! C aptain W. R. Pogson (1787-1848)
died at Benares. He was buried ‘‘ by a roadside, accoi’ding to a direction
in his will.” He compiled a history, called The History of the
Bundelas.” His regiment is now the 8rd Bn, 7th Rajput Regiment (late
7th D. C. 0. Rajputs).

Names of local traders mentioned in the records are those of
M'. Rutherfoi*d, J. .Teft’reys (Civil Surgeon 1825-81), J. Stewart, S. Carston,
Mac Arthur and Moir (saltpetre refiners), Bathui*st, Bush & C.'o. (indigo
planters at Shamsabad), J. Mercer (indigo planter at Bishengai-h and
registrar), J. C\ Pyle (salt[)eti*e refiner at Naukhanda near the Police

178

Lines, and John Nickterlein (importer of borax for transmission to
Calcutta).

The Collectors of Customs were as follows :

1802 to 1810. A Deputy Collectoi.

1811. Mordaunt Ricketts. India 1802-50. Resident at Lucknow
1822-29.

1815. H. G. Christian.

1814. H. Newnham. Collector 1824-27. 1st Connuissioiier, Favrukha-
bad Division 1829.

1815. A. Campbell.

1816. R. Barlow.

1817. W. Rennell. Buried in the Fort cemetery.

1818. H. Newnham.

1820. H. S. Oldfield.

(1820-55). J. Kinloch.

Mr. Kinloch lived in a bungalow on the northern side of the Ghatia
Ghat Road, and next to the Customs camping ground at the cross roads.
Ghatia Ghat itself was often called the Customs Ghat.

The public gliat of Fatehgarh up to 1858 was Husainpur Ghat by
the Fort. Ghatia Ghat, however, had been a recognised ferry in the
eighteenth century ; and Sher Dil Khan, the actual builder of the Foil;,
was granted by Nawab Mohammed Khan the right to levy dues on all
merchandise arriving at that place. The actual site of the ferry varied
from year to year, as it does at the present day, and in 1850 the ferry
worked generally by Naugaon village, to the south of the small bazar,
which now bears the name of Ghatia Ghat. On the 15th January 1858
Lord Auckland, the Governor-General passed on his way to Delhi by this
crossing with his immense retinue ; and the District Magistrate,
Mr. Campbell, had to build a boat bridge over the Ganges and also the
Ramganga at a cost of Rs. 1,752 to enable the Governor-General to do
so. There is probably a mistake in the amount, which is recorded to
have been s[Xjnt, or else the bridge was made of boats borrowed
temporarily for the purpose. Despite all the District Magistrate’s
exertions, the camp equipage of the travellers stuck fast in the sand on

174

the eastern bank, as the necessity for making a road had apparently been
overlooked. The boat bridge, however, had come to stay, and bolstered
up by continual repairs remained on up to 1844, in which year Mr.
Gubbins constructed an entirely new one of thirty-one pontoons at a cost
of Rs. 17,500. Each boat, or pontoon, was sixteen yards long and six
yards broad. There was an interval of fifteen feet between each boat,
crossed by planks. In all the bridge was 526 yards in length. It was
made to o[jen in the middle in order to admit of the passage of boats and
timber for the Gun Carriage Agency. It was a public ferry, and in 1846
Ua; farm of the toll dues brought in Rs. 15,500.

The boat bridge was a source of pride locally, and there is great
correspondence in the records about it. Much ink was expended in 1849
over an ingenious pro][X)£al of Mr. Roberts, the engineer in charge of the
steam engine in the Fort. He proposed to construct a ferry steamer to
work to and from across the river from the Ghat. The cost was to be
Rs. 8,000. The steamer would consume forty maunds of wood daily at
four maunds to the ru|)ee. Monthly exi>enditure, everything included,
was to be Rs. 550. Government turned the scheme down as being
useless, for only for four months in the year would the river be full
enough to float the steamer. It got as far as London, however, whei*e the
(’ompaiiy’s Hoard of Directors thought favourably of it. Mr. RobeiHts
died in 1851. His tomb is to be seen in the Fort cemetery. Another
attractive pro|) 08 al was that of Messrs. Greenway & Company, who in
1852 gave Rs. 10,000 for the annual ferry contract. They undertook to
maintain the bridge in order, and run trams on wooden rails over it for
a distance of one mile from bank to bank. The proposal was not
accepted ns Ixjing too startling for Fatehgarh. If it had come into feeing,
Fatehgarh would probably have achieved the distinction of having the first
trams in India. The arrival of a steamer at Ghatia Ghat on the 23rd
.luly 1845 much stimulated the residents into forming these inventive
ideas.

The area containing the (Customs House and Ghalia Ghat has always
l)een known as Sota Bahadurpur for purposes of the Land Revenue
l>Dpartmcnl. It w as from the licginning an outlying suburb of FatchgiU’h,

175

wid had several bungalows and factories in it, of which not a trace now
remains. The site of these habitations is exactly described in the lists of
the 183B Settlement of Land Revenue, and what scanty information is
available about them is derived from these old records. Starting from the
east of Naugaon village, a line of compounds stretched along the bank of
the Ganges to a point, which is marked by a deep nullah a few hundred
yards to the west of the present Ghatia Ghat bazar. The compound,
surrounded by groves, belonged to Martin, who along with Bathurst,
Bush & Co., planted indigo at Shamsabad. It has not been discovered
whether he lived hei*c, or in the house in the Park, which Government
bought for Maharaja Dhuleep Singh. The compound at the northern end
of Naugaon was that of C. J. Coles, also an indigo planter, whose name
occurs in the lists of residents from 1880 to 1845. One notice of this
family is to be found in the register of maiTiages for 1845^. On the l»8th
October Thomas Leopold Dyce married Emma Coles. The Oyces were an
old established family, and an account of them will be found in chapter
X. At the southern end of Naugaon was a saltpetre factory. The owner
of it has not been recorded. To the north-west of the village was a large
grove, which separated the Coles from the compound of a factory owner,
whose name has not been identified. The records call him Mr. Tcmmel,
and he is also described as a doctor. His bungalow overlooked the river,
while more to the centre of his property stood the factory, which is called
the “ Machine House.” Bahadurpur village, and the road to it, lay
lietween this compound and the fields rented by the Customs Department
up to 1856 ; for long after the abolition of the Customs in 1885, the
Collector of the District had an establishment here, which supervised the
distribution of salt, refining of saltpetre, and the prevention of salt
smuggling from the kingdom of Oudh. The large enclosure of the
Customs, with sheds and office, came next. At the present day the
western wall of the enclosure bounds the Trunk Hoad to the ferry at the
river, a road which is lined by shops, and usually leading to the boat
bridge. A revenue map of 1844, however, does not show any road or
ferry at this spot, and the question arises as to where the ferry and the
boat bridge could then have been. The only ferry shown is that at the

<*n(l of ft broad road along fche western Ijoundfiry of the compound of
Mr. Coles. This road was a much frequented one, as is evident from its
width on the plan. It started from the main road in Naugaon village,
and it is usual for shops and buildings to line the road as near as possible
to these ferries in order to benefit from the traffic over them. Naugaon
village, which w^as originally a compact area to the south, stretched itself
along the Trunk Road with this design. It can reasonably be presumed
that the i)ubli<! ferry and boat bridge from 18BS for many years was at
the eastern end of this side road.

Two com|)ounds immediately adjoined the C^istoms House. On t he
bank of the river was a house owned by Mr. Clark. He had also a pro-
perty in the Circular Road, /ind another on the site of the Maude Lines,
where it is certain lie actually redded himself. Karlier records than that
of 1844 indicate that Mr. Kinloch, the (’ollcctor of Customs, lived next
door to the Customs House, an:l he must have resided in this compound,
which has now disappeared, giving place to the Ghatia Ghat Bazar. Some
difficulty arises over the compound to the west along the edge of the City
Road. It is called the Customs House Gate, and two tall pillars of brick
still stand in battered condition to mark the place. There were so many
extensions to the (’ustonis House property and buildings erected that it is
impossible to identify the use of this compound ; but at this spot is
also to Ik* found the camping ground of the Customs, of which there ai*e
several mentions. The area to the west was covered by the property of
Mr. .lames Mercer (1788-18.58) and the fields, which he rented from Dan
Kuer. .\ fine well by the side of the (’ity Road, which he built, is still
called Mercer Sahib’s well ”. He was buried in the Fort cemetery. A
few outhouses and foundations near the river bank are all that remain of
his house. His son left Fatehgarh just before the Mutiny, and died
intestate. The property was sold in 18.59 at Calcutta by tlie Adminis-
trator-General of Bengal. It now l)cloiigs to Babu Gendan Lai, Vakil,

Mr. Deane (Commissioner for the Ceded Provinces) had a garden
nearly opposite to the Customs House, being attached to the small hamlet
of BhagUft Nagla. The original Bhagua was a Chumar syce, to whom the
land was granted in the eighteenth century by the Bangash Nawab. By

177

the pro|)erty had fallen into the hands of Mr. Deane, who started a
fruit garden adjoining the village. On Mr. Deane’s death in 1818, Govern-
ment granted the village to his colleague on the Board of (’oiniiiissioners
for the Ceded Provinces, Sir Edward Colehrooke, and to the Board’s
Secretary, Mr. Newnham. The area was fifty acres, and Mr. Newnhain,
buying out his partner for Rs. 2,000, sold it in 1829 to the Bangasli
Nawab Sarbuland Khan for Rs. .5,000, who, it will be I’eniemliered, eloped
with Miss Harriet Birch. The village is now just outside the Cantonment
boundary, and is no longer noted for its fruit. At the beginning of the
nineteenth (jentury strawl)eiTies and peaches wei*e produced all over the
Station.

CHAPTER IX.

THE OLD CHURCH.

A PICTURESQUE landmark Is the spire of the old Church, which
overlooks the parade ground. This end of the Station was out-
side Cantonments, and here was located the business centre of Fatehgarh.
Thickly crowded with small thatched bungalows, the area around the
Church must have presented a thriving appearance with its shops and
tent godowns in the Circular Road, and the theatre by the side of the
parade ground ; while from 1840 onwards the racquet court was in daily
use.

In spite of the largeness of the Fatehgarh community, there was no
church up to 1821, a curious feature considering the ample provision for
worship, which was made in other old Cantonments. The Temporary
Brigade had its own chaplain ; for in January, 1779, the Revd. T. Ford
was sent to act in that capacity. At no time previous to the year 1818,
however, is there any mention of a church, and it cannot be said where
divine worship was celebrated. It is most probable that a private
bungalow was utilised for the purpose, since this was certainly the case in
several other stations. Even in the large Cantonment of ( awnpore a
single-roomed bungalow was considered to be ample for church services
for the first forty years of its existence. It was the visit of the Marquis
of Hastings in 1815 which gave impetus to a project for building a church
at Fatehgarh. The Marquis had remarked on the difficulty of holding
Services, and during his stay they were conducted in one of the rooms
of the theatre, Mr. Henderson, the Cawnpoi-e Chaplain, having been
summoned for the purpose.

The erection of a church was sanctioned by Government on the
4th March 1818. The Agent to the Governor-General wrote on the
5th January 1819, reporting the election of a select Vestry, and the
purchase of a plot of ground for Rs. 1,500. Building operations, how-
ever, wei*e very slow. In 1819 the Revd, J. P. Hastings came from

Cawnpore as chaplain, the Hrst after an interval of nine years, and work
was speeded up in spite of protests by the Superintendent of Public
Buildings that the ground was defective. Thirteen glazed windows were
sanctioned in October of that year, and on the 15th November 18J21, the
building was at length completed. The completion reports and accounts
were prepared on the 18th January 182^i, the total expenditure being
Rs. 20,700. Government at Calcutta passed the accounts, sanctioning
the following staff of two bearers on four sonat rupees per mensem for
dusting the pulpit, reading desk and seats, one chokidar, and one sweeper
at the same rate of pay. Captain Casement, the District Barrack Master,
furnished the interior for 702-10*5 sonat rupees. Four officers were
responsible for the building from start to finish. Captain T. Burn,
Superintendent of Public Buildings, was the first, and after preparing
plans he handed over charge to Captain W. H. Kemm, (1780-1859), who
ended his career subsequently as a Lieutenant-General. The third
architect was a certain Captain Roberts, who appears to have been res-
|>onsible for the actual building from 1819 to 1821. This Captain
Roberts, then an Assistant Superintendent of (^ivil Buildiiigs, had a
distinguished career. He was the General Sir Abraham Roberts (1784?-
1870), who made a name in the 1st Afghan War, and was the father of
Field- Marshal I.ord Roberts. He died at Clifton at an advanced age
Of Captains Bum and Casement nothing is known. The Church was
built in the style then popularly known as the ‘‘Grecian’’, and seems to
have been a square box-like building with side aisles. There was a
pyramidal tower and a spire very much like those of the Rakha church,
and the whole building at Rakha may well have been a copy. The west
end with one bay of the nave is all that remains to-day, and is used as
the Civil Surgeon’s Office in connection with the Civil Hospital. Traces
of the old wall decorations can be seen in places beneath the modern
whitewash. The ruin of the Church is due to the mutineers of the
41st N. I., who in 1857 exploded two mines beneath it, and destroyed
all but the west end and tower. After the Mutiny the Church was for
several years a heap of ruins, ami the large compound desolate. The new
Church of All Souls was to be built by the old rifle range ; and for six

180

years the site was left as it was. In 186^3 the coin|K>uncl was eleared of
rubbish. The west end was put in order, and tumed into a school. In
J870 the new Civil Hospital was established a few yards away through
the efforts of Doctor Reid, the Civil Surgeon, and the school was moved
to make way for hospital needs. For many years the remnants of the
(Church served the pur|>ose of hospital wards, until proper accommodation
Ix'ing provided in new buildings in the compound, they were turned to
their present use as offices for the Civil Surgeon.

I'he old Church is nowhere styled “ church ” in the records. From
the Ix^ginning the residenls were much jxirplexed as to whether the
(!(lifice was a church, or a cha|)el, and also whether it was a church
erected by Govemment, or a eha|X5l made by the residents. In April
IHJiJO, while building operations were still going on, Mr. Ross, the Agent
to the (fOvernor-General at Fatehgarh, forwarded a petition to the
Govcnior-Gencral at Calcutta, desiring a ruling on the point, and
em I Hiring if the Bishop could be asked for a license to celebrate public
worship in the building, until it was consecrated. The Governor-General
in reply stated that the building was to Ixj called a chapel erected by
Cfovernment, and aided by the contributions of the community of
Fatehgarh. As early as 1817 Sir Edward (nlebrookc started collecting
money, and that year he rejwrled that he had received 4,000 sicca rupees
in subscriptions for the ‘‘ new chapel ”. The license was issued by the
Bishop of Calcutta on the 18th June 185^0 “for the performance of
Divine Service in the newly built Church or Chapel at Fatty garh before
consecratioir’* The Bishop seems to have shai*ed the doubts of the
congregation as to the right title of the building. The Church was
consecrated under the name of Christ Church on the 7th January 1887.
A record of this consecration was discovered by Bishop Saunders, the
present Bishop of Lucknow, in a book called “ The Life of Bishop
Daniel Wilson ” (Bishop of Calcutta 188J2-58), and he has kindly sent
tlie following extract from it. “ Another rapid run of forty-eight hours
through Furreed{>oi*c and Futtehgunge (lx)th in Bareilly District) to
Jelhilabad (in Shahjaluuipur District) on January 5th, followed by
another of et[ual distance, varied by a passage across the mighty

181

Ganges on January Gtli, brought tlie Bishop safely to Futtyghur, wheiti
he found an excellent chaplain (Rev. R. Ewing), a gooil Church, and
nil things in order. Much pleasant intercourse took })lace here with
friends, who were gradually passing down the country 11*0111 Sinilah, the
germs of missionai’y work were watched and encouraged. The Church
and burial grounds wei*e consecrated. Divine services were performed.
The Holy Sacrament and (Confirmation administered; and then the Bishop
rejoined the camp for a few days cjuiet march. The sportsmen went out,
and provided the table with wild geese, as on the other side of India it
had been provided with wild peacocks. On January 14th the Bishop
entered the large station of (’awnpore, and rested in the Chaplain’s
house Bishop Heber in his celebrated tour of Upper Bengal came
very near to visiting Fatehgarh. He was actually invited to do so by
Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan, He einpiired about the (’hurch,
however, and wrote to the Governor-General in 18J^5 that “ Fatehgarh
has an elegant and spacious cliurch, and a numerous (Christian population,
but no chaplain. Should one be allowed, which is on every account
very desireable, he might with great advantage attend one Sunday in
the month, alternately at (’oel (Aligarh) and Mynpooree ”, Govern-
ment recognised the expediency of selecting Fatehgarh as a station for
a chaplain jHirmanently. There had Ixien no chaplain since the Revd.
J. P. Hastings left in 185^0 after the death of his young wife, who was
buried in the Fort cemetery, and henceforth chaplains were sent to Fatch-
garh regularly.

There had been chaplains on and oft’ from the very fii*st years of the
Temimrary Brigade, but in the absence of regular mention in the
records, it cannot be said if they succeeded one another without a
break. The Station Staff OHicer certniidy officiated, when the chaplain
was away, and curiously this officer had also to work as [>ostmaster,
when required. The following list contains the names of all chaplains
mentioned in the records :

1779. Revd. T. Ford. He came in January and seems to have Ijeen the
first.

1799. Revd. Tho. Clarke.

182

1794. Hevd. Paul Lemerick. Revd. W. Lewis.

1795-9(>. Revd. Tho. Clarke.

1805. Revd. T. Hartwell.

1800. Revd. H. Shepherd.

1807. Revd. H. P. Stacy, L. L. 1). Died on Uie 7th November, and
was buried in the Fort cemetery.

1808.09. Revd. R. Jeffreys. Mrs. Jeffreys died in 1809. The epitaph
on her tomb in the Fort cemetery is long and (juaint.

1810-12. The Station Staff Officer (Lieutenant P. H. Ashurst) .

1810. Revd. S. S. Coleman.

1815. The Marquis of Hastings brought the Cawnpore Chaplain to
Fatehgarh for five months.

1819. On the building of the Church being started, the Revd. J. P.

Hastings was transferred from Cawnpore to be the first perma-
nent chaplain, but on the death of his wife in 1820 he obtained
an appointment at Calcutta.

1825. Revd. J. Irving. He went on furlough in 1831.

1833. Revd. R. Ewing.

1838. Revd. W. Sturrock.

1839. Revd. J. H. A. Rudd.

1845. Revd. H. P. Brooks.

— Revd. R. B. Mnlltry.

1849. Revd. J. Carshore.

1850. Revd. W. J. Jay. Baptised Maharaja Dhuleep Singh in 1852.
1857. Revd. N. Fisher. Killed at Cawnpore in the Mutiny. His tragic

story has been told in “ Fatehgarh and the Mutiny ”.

The Station Staff Officer celebrated marriages as well as taking the
burial services. The earliest entries of marriages at Fatehgarh in the
registers of St. John’s Church at Calcutta, then the Parish Church of
Bengal, are as follows :

1786. June 3rd. James Wilkinson, Mary Somkyns. Married by D.
Mackinnon, Lt. of Artillery.

1787 March 21st. George Hardeman, Gustriiy De Miller. By D,
Mackinnon, Lt. of Artillery.

188

T787 April 8th. Edwnrd SufFolks, Ann Botterell. By John Gordon, Lt.

„ Sept. 10th. George Thorp, (fifer) , Hannah De Kozi. By John
Gordon, Lt.

„ Sept. 13th. Joseph Gascoyne, Miss Sarah Evance. By John
Gordon, Lt.

„ Oct. 7th, Joseph Silvia, Elizabeth De Razera. By John Gordon,
Lt.

1793. April 7th. William Doyle, Mary Domingo. By Revd. Tho.
Clarke.

„ Sept. 15th. John Richardson, Lt., Jane Louisia Debonacrind. By
Revd. Tho. Clarke.

The rites of baptism, however, were not performed by the Station
Staff Officer, when the chaplain was away. Childi'en were baptised at any
age, whenever a chaplain happened to come to the Station. The i-egister
of 1795 indicates this clearly, as the following extract will show :

1795. March 13th. George Stewart, aged 152 months. S/o. George Dick,
Lt., by Rev. Thomas Clarke.

„ March 13th. Frances Ann, aged 2 yeai's 4 mos. D/o. George
Dick, Lt., by Rev. Thomas Clarke.

„ March 13th. Ann Elizabeth, aged 152 months. D/o. William
Cresswell, Lt., deceased, by Rev. Thomas Clarke.

„ March 15th. Charles, aged 12 months. S/o. Charles Campbell
Fifer, 18 Bn., by Rev. Thomas Clarke.

March 15th. William, aged 4 months 2 days. S/o. William
Lawrence, Matioss, by Rev. Thomas Clarke.

„ March 22nd. William, aged 13 months. S/o. John Jarrot, Provost
Sergt., by Rev. Thomas Clarke.

Most of the entries relate to families of which nothing is known but
their name. The following entry, however, is of interest :

1793. 7th March. Charlotte Morgan, aged 9 weeks. D/o. Richard

Ramsay, Capt. of Cavalry, and Mary, his wife, by Rev. Tho.

Clarke.

Captain Ramsay, of course, was the officer, who deserted after the

battle of Bitaurah in 1794. His wife was Samuel Skardon’s daughter.

184

The then Officer Coninmnding, Colonel Charles Morgan, may have
stood as sponsor, hence the name Morgan.

After IHlfj registration of baptisms, marriages, and burials were macle
more frequently, and the registers containing them still exist in the custody
of the Diocesan Registrar at Calcutta. Notice of burials will be found in
chapter V. Another kind of record was involved in the tlestruction of
the old C/hurch. I'here were many tablets on its walls, only one of which
is known. The inscription was as follows :

“ Died at Futtccghur on the Jibth April 1848 Louisa, the beloved
wife of Win. Hannatyne Macleod, who served for 14 years as surgeon
of the 8rd Bengal Light Cavalry. Her gentle and amiable disposition
so endeared her to the officers of the Regiment tliat they have erected
this tablet to her memory as a token of their affection.”

Mrs. Macleod was buried in the Fort cemetery. The list of baptisms
after 181f> contains nothing of special interest, but it is otherwise in the
case of marriages, ninety-three of which were celebrated in this Church
lietween 18^(5 and 1857. The first to take place were those of two
sisters. On the fibth dune 18$i() Martha Ann Faithful was mamed to
Tho. R. Tell, and on the JiiOth July following Maria Faithful to John
Bean. The last marriage was that of James Durand, the tent manufac-
turer in the ('ircular Road, and Hannah Halliday on the 28rd August
1856. Four members of the Brierley family, residing within a stone’s
throw of the Church itself, and three of the Birch family in No. li>
Bungalow find place in the list. Mary Ann and Rose Maria, the two
sistei*s of Harriet Birch, who elo|icd with a Bangash Nawab, married army
officers. Familiar names, iKdonging to families long resident in the
Station, are ( Jiurcher, Maxwell, Bickers, Cawood, Dyce, (’ollins, Kemball,
Hennessey. DeCiruyther, and Jennings. Janet Jennings, married to John
('ollins in 1844, met a cruel death in the Mutiny. The Mutiny, too, is
recalled by the entry of John Ahern’s marriage with Lucy Lambert in
1850. Ahern fell in the defence of the Fort, and was buried in the
cemetery therc. It was Mrs. Ahern, who proved herself an excellent rifle
shot on the walls. John Kew', the Postmaster, who fell in the parade
ground massacre, is in the register ; ami his sister Arabella married the

185

Inspector of Post Offices, William Catania, only ten months before they
both perished at Cawnpore. Other Mutiny victims, such as Madden, in
whose compound the new (Church now stands, the Shephei*ds, Ives,
Gaumisse, Gibson, Macklin, and George Davy Raikes (killed at Bareilly.
fJudge of Farrukhabad 1850) have their names recorded in it. Two well
known families of the United Provinces find mention in an entry for the
18th May 18J39, showing the marriage of J. K. licMaistre and Mary
Fanthome. The bridegroom was a descendant of J. LeMaistre, a Puisne
Judge of Calcutta in Warren Hastings’ time ; while the bride was a
daughter of C’aptain Beimard Fantliome (died at Bareilly 1845), a French
adventurer, who served in Scindia’s army, and then joined Lord Lake.
An account of this family will be found in Blunt’s “ Christian Tombs and
Monuments.” Another entry relates to Major C’harles Bruere, who was
shot on the roof of the Brigade Mess during the defence of the Residency
at Lucknow. A society marriage took place in February 1881, which
must have lieen celebrated with much ceremony. Eliza, the daughter of
Brigadier C. S. Fagan, commanding Rohilkhand, was in that month
married to Major-General J. W. Sleigh, (,’. B. Fatehgarh was chosen for
this marriage, since Brigadier Fagan had l)een connected with the place
as Army Clothing Agent for many years. On the J^Jlst January 184J2
Captain Hatchell of the fi9th N. L was married to Frances Anne Graham.
Captain Hatchell died two years after, but his widow survived him until
1894, and was probably the last to liave la.‘en intimately connected with
the old Church,

The jHjrmaiient residents of the Station Ixicame closely connected to
each other by marriage. To take one example, there was a group of
seven families, who intermarried Ixjtween 1880 and 1850. W. H.
DeGruyther, the Deputy Collector, married Mary Ann Bickers, whose
sister, Sarah, was afterwards united to Charles Cawood, Head Clerk of the
Clothing Agency. DeGruyther’s two sisters both married local residents.
Sophia Jane married E. Jennings, whose sister, Janet, became the wife of
J. R. Collins, the son of another Deputy Collector. The other sister,
Elizabeth, married James Shepherd, the schoolmaster ; and Mrs. .Madden,
the wife of J. R. Madden of the Clothing Agency, was Elizal)eth

186

Shepherd. Four of these families were murdered in the Mutiny. Besides
this j^rou[) it would be possible to form several others of the kind, notably
of indigo planter families like that of the Churchers, or of families devo-
ted to ottice work in humble grades like those of the Gaumisses, Anthonys,
and Da Silvas.

. CHAPTER X.

THE CIVIL LINES.

Jl^HE name ‘’Oivil Lines’' was applied to the row of houses on the
4 Ganges bank, reaching from Bargadia Ghat to the present Golf
Links. Overlooking the temple by the seventh bi*own on the Links was the
house of Mr, Robinson. Traces of the well can be seen, but the house it-
self has gone. It was called after John Bush, The first Bush was Thomas,
who came in 1780, and set up as a merchant fii*st by himself, and then
in 1791 as partner with Robert Bathurst. The association disappears
in 1818, when the Bushes joined Urquhart and Co. ; and John Bush, tlie
son, later became an indigo planter at Mehndi Ghat near Kanau] with
Packard k Co. He is last recorded in 1846. The house continued to
be called “John Boos’s” house. Mr. Robinson, who elected to live in
Bush’s house, was the Francis Horsley Robinson of Barhpur fame (see
chapter VI). He was Collector from 1885 to 1887, acting as Commis-
sioner of the Agra Division five years later. He died in 1856 after
serving as Member of the Board of Revenue. Nawab Dooleh records in
his diary that he used to call on Mr. Robinson at this house. Between
this bungalow and the present Collector’s house was a bungalow called
the “Colonel Sahib’s house” up to 1850. Many Commanding Officers
lived here, although it could never have been a very large residence.
The memorial of the civilians living in Cantonments included as one of
their grievances the complaint that in 1829 the Officer Commanding and
several other military officers would not reside anywhere but in the Civil
Lines. Both these compounds were amalgamated into one by David
Churcher after the Mutiny. David Churcher’s father, Thomas Churcher.
had lived in the house, the place of which is now taken by the Officers’
Mess. In 1850 the family moved to a house in Kutra, l>ehind the
pi'esent Police Lines. Thomas Churcher went to Etah District, being
interested in an indigo plantation thei*e, but his two sons remained at
Fatehgarh, and supervised an indigo factory at Chilauli, near Kaimganj.

188

ITie house at Kutra fell into ruins during the Mutiny. T. H. Churcher
was killed. His brother David, however, was one of the seven sur-
vivors of the Mutiny at Fatehgarh. llie two old bungalows of John
Bush and the ‘‘Colonel Sahib” wei-e bought and demolished by him. The
present house was erected on a fresh site, ami in it David Churcher died
in 1908. He was given the honours of a military funeral in the new
cemetery, where his tomb is to be seen. By the well on the Ganges bank
are the foundations of a small building in which were some indigo vats.
After the failure of indigo Chunni Lai, Mr. Churcher’s Jemadar, lived
in it. Chunni l.al had helj)ed Mr. Churcher to escape in the Mutiny
from the Kutra house to the neighbouring village of Mahrupur.

The house of the ('ollector and Magistrate was called the “Residenti.”
The tradition is that on, or near this site, was the habitation of the early
Residents ; and after them came wealthy indigo planteis. The massive
chenam columns and Corinthian capitals in the hall resemble the archi-
tecture affected by Nawab Hakim Mchdi Ali Khan, into whose possession
the property came in The house, as it stands, was built by him

about 18^^5, and was thereafter called by his name. He left it to one of
his nephews in 1887, named Munawwar-ud-Dowleh.

From 1885 to 185J^J the Judge and Magistrate resided here ; for he
also took over the rather ornamental duties of Agent to the Governor-
General, and it was the custom for the Agent to live in the “ Residenti.”
Henry Swetenham was the first. Having entered the service in 1810, he
first appears in Fatehgarh as an Acting Collector in 18JiiO, and the follow-
ing year he took over charge for a further two years. During this
period he lived at Kasim Bagh, just a few yards behind the Maude Lines,
where the first Collectors appear to have lived. In 188^ he officiated as
Commissioner, and in 1885 commenced his six years tenure of the Judge’s
office.

Mi^s. Fanny Parks stayed in this house four times between 1885 and
18,89 with Henry Swetenham, who was a i*elation of hers. In the
“Wanderings of a Pilgrim” she informs us that the family belonged to
8omerford Booths in Cheshire, the seat of Captain Clement Swetenham,
16th Light Dragoons, a veteran of the Peninsula and Waterloo. Another

180

Captain Swetenhani was in the Sap|)ers at \feeiMit, and Mi's. Parks
su|>erintende<l for him the building of Cloud Knd at Mussoorie. The
garden at Fatehgarh is described as lieing well planted with a profusion
of rare trees and shrubs. The house was cool in April with faftie.s and
thermantidotes in full blast.

Nawab Dooleh, the local Pepys, records his calls on Mr. Swctenham
in great detail. “ Salteen Sahib ”, as he was called, received his visitors
at 11 a. 111 ., and after conversation cardamoms were presented on a
silver tray. The visitor then gave his gift of ceremony and took leave,
Nawab Dooleh in May 18J19 brought a dali of rose water, Akbarabad
oranges, as the Agra variety was then called, and pomegranates. On
this occasion he narrowly missed Mrs. Parks, who had just left. Mr.
Swetenham retained the customs of a past generation, He was the last
officer to smoke his huqqa in court, and go about accompanied by a
huqqa bardar, carrying the necessary apparatus. The hiupja was then
fast going out of fashion. He died in 1860.

Messrs, ('artwright and Tyler ami other Judges up to 185Ji lived
here. Mr. Tyler, 1841-45, was the last Agent. In 1855^, Nawab Dooleh
saw Mr. Huller, the new' Judge, living in tents behind the Judge’s Court,
liefore moving into the present Judge’s house. The reason for this
migration is not known.

In 1861, Mr. Walker, a Deputy Collector, bought the premises at an
auction for Rs. Ji,000, Munawwar-ud-Dowleh having relinquished all his
uncle’s property to Government, The house had to be renovated after
the damage incurred in the Mutiny, and the bazar tr.idition is that the
roof fell leaving the chenam pillars standing. The records show that
not a door post or beam or woodwork of any kind had been left in it.
Mr. Walker was transferred to Jaunpur, and gave the property to his
wife, Ajabi Begum. Nawab Jaffri Begum of Shamsabad, the wife of
Nawab Dooleh, held a mortgage over it, and in 1869 she acquired the
full title from Ajabi Begum, along with a shop outside the gate, the
foundations of which can be traced by the roadside.

In 1872, the Settlement Officer took possession, and erected his
office in the compound near the Toll House. After the end of Settlement

190

in 1870, the garden was abandoned, and for 12 years appeal's to have
formed an im|)cnetrable jungle. Its rescue was due to Mr. Growse, who
in 1888 bought the property, together with Baqirganj on the other side
ol the main road, for Rs. 11,000, and repairing the house itself,
eml>cllished it with frescoes by Jaipur artists and iron grilles, which he
took away with him on retirement. Much of his decoration, however,
still remains, and it is to l>e regretted that painted punkha boards and
poles, long objects of admiration, have perished.

On the western side of the road overlooking Raqiiganj is a large
bungalow, which was the town house of Nawab Jaffri Begum : and
from this place her husband Naw'ab Doolch made his ^Kiriodical calls on
the notables of Fatchgarh. It was generally occupied by European
Deputy Collectors, of whom the Ix'st known was William DeGruyther,
He makes his first appearance in 1888 as an Assistant in the Army
Clothing Factory hard by; l)ut Ixjfore this he had Ireen living in
Ointonments and signed the memorial of 1829. On the 22nd February
1888 he was appointed Deputy Collector under Regulation IX of 1838,
and he was pi*esent in 1855. The Mutiny lists however do not mention
him ; and beyond the fact that he was interested in potato cultivation,
and in 1888 his sister married Mr. Edmond Jennings, a merchant,
nothing further is known.

North of this house is now the Government High School ; but
up to 1844 the property was the residence of A. Jacob, a Eurasian clerk
in the Collector’s office. The property consisted of bungalow, outhouses
and a /enana, and only fetched Rs. 900 in 1844, when Mr. Richard
Rowe bought it. J. W. Jacob, a brother, was better known, and Imd
shops both at Agra and Fatehgarh. Occasionally, he took the farm of
the Town duties from the CHistonis Department, and in 1818 lived where
the Maude Lines are situated.

A road divided this compound, as it docs now, from the area
occupied by the Army Clothing Factory, which nearly covered the
extent of the Company Garden. Roughly speaking, the Club tennis
courts cover the site of the .\rmy Clothing Factory, or Kurti godown,
as it was styled locally. Between the tennis courts and the walls of the

191

serai, was IMrs. Hanimh Collins* bungalow, with Mrs. Jonnings* house to
the south of it. The Army Clothing Agent lived next door to the
Factory, his gate being nearly opposite the Police Superintendent’s
present entrance. His compound extended up to the houses of the
Sadder Bazar and the house of Alfred Hine. North-west was the Rum
Godown, or Commissariat, and here w^as a bakery. The site is now coveixid
by the Gracey Club.

This portion of the Civil Lines was inhabited bcfoixi 181 (L The
Agent’s bungalow, and the one behind Mrs. Collin’s, were in that year
bought by Sheikh Madari from a Mr. Hey sham, the old serai being
known also as Hc} sham’s Serai. The Agents at fii'st rented their house
from Sheikh Madari. In 184*1, however, the Agent, Major Simmonds.
bought it outright for Rs. Ji,400.

The Collins family had long been in latehgarh, and W, (’ollins.
Deputy Collector, died here in 1831. His son J. R. Collins was also a
Deputy Collector and died in 1855. Mrs. Hannah Collins (wife of
J. R, C’ollins) was left well off. Between No, 15 and lb Bungalows in
Cantonments, now a bare field, was a house of hers. She owned No. lb,
the old Officers’ Mess, and the fine house on the (ianges bank, formerly
inhabited i)y the Opium .\gent. She herself lived in a small house
between the Club tennis courts and the serai, and here she met her death
in the Mutiny. The ruins were sold in 18bl by Mr. J. A. C-ollins of

Delhi for Rs. 410 to Pt. Ganga Ram. In 18b3 the sib* was absorbed in

the Company Garden,

A Government Order of the Vice-President in ( oimcil, dated the 5th
December 1809 directed that the clothing of the Army was to he
arranged for by an Agent and a Deputy Agent to l)e stationed at
Fatehgarh. This was enforced by an Order of the Goverimr- General,
dated the 3rd December 1811. Accordingly after 181^2 the following
Agents had charge of the (Nothing Agency at Fatehgarh : —

1. 1813-24. Major C. S. Fagan, (1781-1843). Afterwards

Major-General and C. B. In 1815 and 1825 he raised new battalions,
the former of which, the l/29th (57th N, I,), received its colours on

the parade ground in 1815 at the hands of Lord Moira, then

192

visiting Fatehgarh as Governor-General. It therefore adopted the
same uniform as that of Lord Moira’s old British regiment, the 27th
Foot, and was known as Moira ki paltan.” The regiment mutinied
at Ferozepore in 1857. Major Fagan is also stated to have raised a
third battalion at Fatehgarh in 1818, which still exists ns the 9th
Gurkha Rifles. Major T, P. Smith, however, commanded it from the
l)eguining, and is also credited with the work of raising it. In 1825
Major Fagan was Officer Commanding at Fatehgarh. The next year
he commanded the (ith Infantry Brigade at the siege of Bhurt{}ore.
He was Brigadier Commanding Rohilkhand in 1851, and that same
year he came to Fatehgarh to witness the marriage of his daughter to
General Sleigh in the old Church.

2. 1824-25. Major F. Sackville, (1785-1827), 55th N. I.

Afterwards Lt.-Colonel 41st N. I. Arrived in India 1801. 2nd
Mahratta War and ojierations in Bundelkhand. Employed a great
deal on survey work, and in 1817-18 was A, Q. M. G. at the head of
the topographical staff in Bengal. In 1819-20 he was 1). Q. M. G.
Bengal, Died at Richmond, Suriey.

5. 1825-52. Major J. Wilkie, (1780-1845), 8th N. I. Arrived

ill India 1805. Retired 1852 from Fatehgarh. Operations against
Dundia Khan 1807. Served with Pioneers 1812-25. Nepal War
1814-15. 1st Burma War, Arakan 1825. Transferred to 8th N. I.
1824.

4. 1852-50. Major R. B. Fulton. Bengal Artillery. Died at
Fatehgarh aged 48 years, and was buried in the Fort cenietery.

5. 1850-41. Major R. Gardner, (1791-1874), 15th N. 1.
Ensign 1807. 5rd Mahratta War. Afterwards Lt.-Colonel 15th N. I.

0. 1841-45. Major J. H. Simmonds, (1790-1809), 55th N. I,

Arrived in India 1808. 5rd Mahratta War 1818. Assistant Revenue
Surveyor. Secretary to the Clothing Board. Retired 1840. Died
near Bath as an Hon. Lt.-Colonel.

7. 1845-55. Major Auchinuty Tucker, (1805-1891), 9th Lt.

Cavalry. Afterwards General and C. B. Arrived in India 1827,
Conquest of Sind 1845. Severely wounded in five places at the

193

battle of Meaiiee. Commanded the Rawalpindi Brigade 1862-65
Died at Leamington.

8. 1863-57. Brevet Lt.-Colonel Tho. Tudor Tucker, 8th Lt.

Cavalry. Killed in the defence of the Fort against the mutineers, and
was buried in the Fort cemetery.

In this small area great activity in making army uniforms is
manifested by the records, which refer to quarrels with the Customs over
detaining bales of cloth. The compound was much hemmed in by the
bazar, and the buildings being thatched, there was obvious danger for the
stores of cloth. In 1852, Colonel Tucker wrote to Mr. Cunninghame,
the Magistrate, that a fire balloon had fallen on the thatch of his house,
and the noise of fireworks in the bazar kept him awake all night. “I
trust”, he says, “without infringing on the legitimate amusements of
individuals you will be able to check those which are so fraught with dan-
ger to the public.” The necessary prohibition was issued.

The Mutiny lists show that the })ersonnel under Colonel Tucker
included Messrs. Ahern, Anderson, Cawood, Finlay and Madden. Colo-
nel Tucker and Ahern were killed in the Fort ; Anderson in the

boat at Manpur Katri ; and the others at ('awnpore. Anderson and

Charles Cawood came here in 1836. In 1840, Cawood married Sarah,
the daughter of Sergt. Major Bickers, and they lived in No. 15

Bungalow. Madden’s house was on the site of All Souls Church on the
parade ground.

The Post Office Road bisects an area, seamed by nullahs, between
Strand Road on the east and Machli Tola on the west. Before the

Mutiny the road did not exist ; but where are now bare fields, the quarters
of the Post Office Suiter in tendent, and the outlying houses of Machli
Tola, twelve small compounds, each with its bungalow, were to be seen.
One small thatched house at the cross roads, formerly the home of the
European Reserve Inspectors of Police, indicates the general appearance
of these residences. At the northern end of Machli Tola was the house
of John Nickterlein, which has been divided into two separate halves.
A portion has Ijeen rebuilt ; but the half which contains Hashim’s furni-
ture shop, is in its original condition.

194

John Nickterlein, merchant, appears in the records of the year 1819
as an importer of borax from Nepal, upon a consignment of which he was
overcharged duty by the Customs. In 1820 he lost a ra wanna, or permit,
and the Customs office addressed him as Mr. Necterlein. His name was
projHJi’ly Nichterlein, though he himself never seems to have spelt it in
that way. In 1833 he applied unsuccessfully for appointment as principal
Sudder Amin, or bailiff, and was passed over for James Mercer. He
appears also to have resided in Cantonments, for in 1829 he signed the
memorial protesting against the right of military officers to eject civilians.
He was a friend of Hennessy, the (Nothing Factory accountant, and was
go<lfather of Hennessy’s famous son. The last mention of him at
Fatehgarh is in 1846. The murder of his son (S. A. Nichterlein) at
Sawamai in Aligarh District during the Mutiny indicates that he had
moved from Fatehgarh before 18.57, and started an indigo factory at
Mandrak.

The ('antonment boundary, then as now, ran conterminous with
the main nullah of Bargadia Ghat, and within the bend to the north-
west of the Post Office Sui>erintendent’s house was the residence of
Mrs. Sarah Dyce in 1835. The site is now under cultivation, but the
well is left. This lady also owned No. 13 Bungalow on the Strand Road.
The family had long been resident in Fatehgarh. Thomas Leopold
Dyce, her husband, was probably i*elated to the Colonel G. A. Dyce of
the Begum Samru’s service. In 1816 he was granted the farm of the
Town duties of Farrukhabad, In 1817 he was appointed Registrar in
the office of the Board of Commissioners for the C'eded Provinces, and he
signed the 1829 memorial against the Cantonment Authority. He was
a co-sharer of the village of Bahorik|)ur in pargana Bhojpur. Mrs. Sarah
Dyce’s family was no less interesting. She was the daughter of Mostyn
Jones merchant, of Cawnpore, and was born in 1786. Her sister, Anne,
married at Cawnpore in 1798 Colonel J. F. Meiselbach, a military
adventurer in the service of Himmat Bahadur in Bundelkhand, and after-
wards commanding the local najib battalion, the adjutant of which was
W. R. Jones, a brother of Mrs. Dyce. Mrs. Dyce was at the end of her
life described as “of Agra”, and the family must have gone there before

195

1857. She died at Agra in 1870, and together with her husband, who
pre-deceased her by one year, was buried in St Paul's Church cemetery.
A confusing record of this family is the registration of the marriage of a
Thomas Leopold Dyce to Emma Coles in 184S. There is either a
mistake in the Christian name, or he is the son of Thomas Leopold Dyce,
senior. The latter interpretation is not unlikely ; for thei’e was a parallel
case at Fatehgarh in the Anthony family.

To the south of Dyce’s compound lived Eliza, the daughter of Colonel
Hickman (commanding the Provincial Battalion 4-28. Buried in the
Fort cemetery) and Mt. Jamiat of Fatehgarh. She was alive in 1849.
Other residents in this block were Wright and Nicholas, Eurasian clerks;
Mt, Khairan, or Bibi Palmer, who owned two bungalows on the Maude
Lines’ site ; Mrs. Polly Meickle, Portuguese ; Home and Macklin, clerks in
the Collectorate Office. They appear one and all to have fallen on hard
times, and eventually by sale, or mortgage, their proj)erties passed to
Kanhaya Lai, the local money lender.

In the road to the east of the Civil Hospital compound were two
bungalows and a kothi on the eastern side of the road. The first bunga-
low at the corner was the soda water store and sliop of Kanhaya Lai, whose
descendants are still there. He advanced money to the poorer I'esidents on
mortgages all over the station. The kothi was inhabited by Mirza Kalbe
Husain, Deputy Collector, whose service ended in 185(i. He was given an
extension of one year, and disappeai’ed in the Mutiny, after sticking to his
court to the last mcwnent with the help of Captain Vibart. In tfiis direction
to the south was a house belonging to Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan,
which he gave to the Rani of Tirwa. This house was called Brown Sahib’s
compound. Nothing is known of Brown. A Mr. Brown of the Civil
Service was granted leave on medical certificate in 1817. His name does
not appear in the East India Calendar as an official at Fatehgarh in
that or any other year, but the revenue records mention him.

North of the District Courts is a thatched bungalow, in which the Civil
Surgeon lived after the Mutiny up to a recent date. Nothing of its history
in pre-Mutiny times has come to light. Mrs. Sturt (see “ Fatehgarh and the
Mutiny ”) appeal’s to have been living in it when the Mutiny broke out in

100

the Station. Next door is the Superintendent of Police’s bungalow at the
present date. This house, similarly, has no pre-Mutiny records, although
it was in existence. Part of its compound, abutting on the main road, and
part of the compound to the north were joined together to form the i*esidence
of the Bush family after 1807. From 1859 to 1895 the District Judge
had this bungalow as his residence. In this house M. B. Thornhill wrote
his “ Haunts and Hobbies of an Indian Official ” in 1865, a copy of which
is in the Club library. The terraced garden, of which he speaks, can be
traced on the river bank. The first Police Superintendent was Lieut. A .B.
Thomas (Dec. 1860), and since he was mostly on tour in the district
gathering evidence against mutineers, it cannot be said if he had a house
at Fatehgarh, or not.

The earliest record of the Judge’s house is 1835. It then belonged to
an indigo planter named Smith, and was known as Smith Sahib’s bungalow
ever afterwards. It passed into the hands of Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali
Khan; and it seems that Mr. Buller, the Judge, who came in 185^^, found
himself dispossessed of the old Judge’s residence, and had to move in here ;
but on the departure of Maharaja Dhuleep Singh in 1854 he moved to the
Maharaja’s house opposite No. ^ Bungalow. In 1854 Mr. Lushington,
officiating Collector, was the occupier. The house was completely wrecked
by the mutineers. It was the residence of Mr. Probyn, the Collector, when
the Mutiny broke out. In 1859 Mr. Lindsay, the Collector, also decided to
live in this compound ; and on inspection the Valuation Committee found a
well, a few trees, and a heap of bricks. Not an atom of wood had been left.
They valued the property at Rs. J^OO. Sukhbasi Lai Sadh, and two others,
then bought it at this price, and constructed the present house. The last
Collector to live hei*e was Mr. Cornwall from 1882. In his time the river
wall had to be constructed to keep the house from falling into the river. Mr.
Growse, preferring the present Collector’s residence, allowed the Railway
Engineer to occupy it. The Judge afterwards moved in, when the Railway
Engineer went to his present house.

The stately house, which comes next on the river bank, belonged to
Mrs. Hannah Collins. The original structure was damaged by the
mutineers ; but enough remained in 1861 to fetch the good price of

107

Rs, 2,710, when Mr. J. A. Collins of Delhi sold the property with three
masonry wells to Mr. Briant, merchant. The latter with his family had
left by river for Allahabad, a week befoiHi the outbreak of the Mutiny.
The District Opium Officer occupied it up to 1903.

The three adjoining compounds to the north have changed appearance.
In 1835 they contained five small bungalows, the northernmost one having
three families living separately in it. The bungalows all belonged to
Babu Kanhayn Lai. Even before the Mutiny they had disappeared
without leaving a trace in the records. In their place one large com[X)und
came into being, the house of which was burnt accidentally. Close by,
Bargadia Ghat and the old bridge of 1788 mark the boundary of the
Civil Lines.

CHAPTER XI.

THE DISTRICT COURTS AND ADMINISTRATION.

JT^HE large coiiipoiiiul opposite the High School, in which the tomb of
I Head Surgeon Hamilton is conspicuous, has been the home of
judicial courts since 1807. Before that date nothing certain of its
history is known. The eighteenth century records point to the first
General 'Hospital’s location in this direction, and it is also stated that the
Head Surgeon lived by his hospital. The General Hospital may therefore
have l)een to the north of Hamilton’s tomb in this compound, or in the
Company Garden, since according to another record it was on the edge of
the Sudder Bazar. As far as local tradition can be trusted, the bank of
the Ganges in the Civil Lines was bordered by the houses of wealthy
indigo and cotton merchants. One of them, (’harles Bathurst, sold his
residence to Government in 1807 for Hs. 1J^,000. This house was pur-
chased for the Judge Magistrate’s court, and it is even now the District
Judge’s court, having thus an unbroken history of 126 years. Charles
and James Bathurst were the sons of liol)ert Bathurst, Superintendent of
the Salt Department in 1808, and senior partner of Bathurst, Bush & Co.,
which started trading at Fatehgarh in 1791. Robert Bathurst dropped
out of the firm in 1880, his two sons carrying on a general trading busi-
ness for another ten years. On leaving this house the family went to a
smaller bungalow in a corner of the present Superintendent of Police’s
compound.

Little information about the Residents, who represented the East
India Company at the Nawab’s Durbar in the City, is to be found in the
records up to 1802. There were only two of them, and it is known that
they lived in special quarters, assigned for their residence. In 1780 there
was Mr. Shea, and then came an interregnum of four years, after w hich
Mr. Willes, the son of Mr. Justice Willes at Calcutta, was appointed by
Warren Hastings. The Resident’s post was not an easy one, and Willes
and the Nawab were constantly bickering. In 1785 Warren Hastings had

190

to censure them both, and eventually Willes was removed. The appoint-
ment of a Resident, after engaging to withdraw him, was the fifth charge
of the impeachment of Warren Hastings. Up to the cession of the District,
supervision of the Nawab was undertaken by the Resident at Lucknow,
and the arrangement worked successfully, since by careful organisation
correspondence was made to reach Lucknow in about forty-eight houi-s.
Well known Residents like Colonel Gabriel Harper and G. F. Cherry
(murdered at Benares in 1799) were sufficiently prominent in Farrukha-
bad affairs as to find mention in private letters at the time.

The date of cession to the East India ('ompany by the Nawab of
Farrukhabad was the 4th June 180J^ ; and in the Collector’s record room
there has recently been found a bound copy of the original treaty between
the Company and Nawab Nasir-i-Jang. This must have Ixjen the private
copy of the second Agent to the Governor-General, for it has the signature
of Mr. (Jaud Russell on the fly leaf. In 1802, therefore, the fiscal history
of the District commences along with that of other districts transferred to
the Company by the Nawab Vi/ier of Oiulh. A great many experiments
were made, and the successive changes of administration are hard to under-
stand. Only a sketch can be given here. For greater detail reference to
Dewar’S ‘‘ Handbook to the English Pre- Mutiny Records of the United
Provinres ” is essential. A Board of Commissioners for the Ceded Pro-
vinces had been set up in 1801 under the Honourable Henry Wellesley, a
brother of the Govemor-General, tlie Marquis of Wellesley and also of
the future Duke of Wellington. To be absolutely clear, it has to Ixi
remembered that there were two cessions of the District. One cession was
by Nawab Saadat Ali, the Vizier of Oudh, for payment of debts owed to
the East India Company. He was overlord of the Nawab of Farrukhabad,
who by hereditary right held vast estates in this and adjoining districts.
The local Nawab hastened to Bareilly in 1802 to make cession of hLs
rights of sovereignty over these estates in return for a settled allowance
to be paid from the treasury at Fatehgarh, but he retained of course a
large family domain, which he managed as private property.

Henry Wellesley, afterwards a diplomat and better known by the
title of Lord Cowley, administered the large territory, covering Rohil-

200

khand, the Duab, and the Gorakhpur Division, from Bareilly. FateJtigarh,
nevertheless, was said to be the headquarters of the new Board, and
Graeme Mercer certainly worked at Fatehgarh, either as a member of the
Board, or as its local agent. The Board, however, was dissolved on the
21st February 1803. The Ceded Provinces were formed into seven
districts of enormous extent, and Farrukhabad was one of them with
boundaries enclosing four or five modern districts. Each district, except
Farrukhabad, had a Judge Magistrate and a Collector to administer them.
Farrukhabad had an official called the Agent to the Governor-General,
who managed the revenues until the appointment of the first Collector in
180(i. In March 1803 the first Judge Magistrate, Mr. Grant, appeared,
coming from Benares to take over judicial and executive charge by virtue
of Regulation II of that year. Mr. Grant was busy in restoring law and
order to a district which sadly needed it. Mr. Graeme Mercer, who was
a surgeon by profession, carried out the first settlement of revenue, which
was to last for three years. The revenue amounted to nearly eleven lakhs
for an area e(|ual to the present District. The right to collect rent and
pay revenue was put up to auction, a reserve price having been fixed on
the basis of the average of the four preceding years. A second settle-
ment for the years 1805 to 1808 produced just over eleven lakhs ; and
the third settlement for four years from 1808 to 1812 increased the
revenue demand to over Ilf lakhs yearly. The first Collector, Mr.
(k)ckburn, relieved the Agent of all revenue duties, the Agent himself
being abolished. Political work in connection with the Nawab of
Farrukhabad was thenceforth carried on by the District Judge, until in
1843 the appointment of Agent to the Governor-General was deemed
obsolete.

The collection of the revenue was difficult during these early years
owing to the prevailing spirit of lawlessness, encouraged by Mahratta
raids and the violence of a Mohamedan tribe called Mewatti. The
Mewattis were greatly feared. Zemindars erected mud forts as a protec-
tion against them. ProsjKjrous villages surrounded themselves with walls,
moats, and im|K‘netrable jungles of bamboo to hinder all access to the
invader. On the 17th March 1809 Kambar, a Mewatti, entei*ed the

201

District with a hundred foliowcrs, and looted Nawabgaiij. Two companies
of infantry and two guns had to be sent from Faiehgarh to disperse his
band. In the Nawabgauj pai'gana lived Pirthi Singh, a celebrated free-
booter, who in Nawabi times had suffered punishment at the hands of
Almas Ali Khan by having had his hands and feet cut off and both eyes
blinded. Despite this handicap he persisted in highway robbery and
murder, until by a Government order dated 16th December 1809 his
whole property was confiscated. In this same year the Collector, Mr.
Donnithorne, crossed the Ganges with a company of infantry in order to
collect the revenue, and had to blow up a mud fort, which barred his wty.
In 1815 this Collector had again to requisition a company of infantry for
the same work. The Judge, being Magistrate and Superintendent of
Police, was overworked and harassed by the Collector, who was always
demanding assistance. He had little time for office work, and was always
out in the District with his mounted policemen, chasing dacoits, Mewattis,
and Mshratteis. The violence of the times was reflected in the crudeness
of the criminal law, which as then administered was according to
Mohamedan tenets. Trial by ordeal, that is, by holding a red hot cannon-
ball in the hands, was in force when the ('ompany took over the District.
The taking of oath by this ordeal was set aside for the oath on Ganges
water, or on the Koran, and in 1840 the present form of affirmation was
substituted.

From 1804 onwards the existence of secret societies in the District
was discovercd. In the southern parganas and the northern parts of the
modern district of Etawah sixty-seven bodies were found in wells, an
examination of which pointed to murder by strangling. Investigation dis-
closed that the members of the Mewatti tribe, and the Lodhos around
Kanau) Town were practising this form of murder on a most extensive
scale. A report by Mr. Wright, the Assistant Magistrate, on the activi-
ties of these stranglers, or Thugs as they were called, was so illuminating
that Government circulated it in 1810 to all districts for information. In
1811 a list of sixty-eight Thugs, who worked the roads of Farrukhabad
and Etawah wns compiled from informers, luul four years later the
Faiehgarh Jail had numbers of them in coiihncmeiit. For some reason

2U2

Govcniineiit was slow to recognise this new menace to society, and it was
not until the thirties that General Sleenian and officials of the Thuggi
Department were able to control this species of crime. Farrukhabad
District had an unenviable reputation for it, and in 18311 Farrukhabad
Thugs were Ixjing caught in the Punjab. The Thugs formed gangs of
robbers, who were disciplined by officers and worked under the glamour
of religious rites. Their raids were carried out on the advice of priests,
who consulted the omens regularly. A book, published in 1837, entitled
“ Illustrations of the History and Practices of the Thugs '' shows that the
Thugs moved along the wads looking for wealthy travellers, whose
(confidence they gained by friendly conversation. At nn auspicious
moment, usually at sunset, or daybreak, they strangled and robbed their
victim, considering the murder as a sacrifice to Devi, who was revered by
Hindoos and Mohamedans alike. The body was generally thrown into a
deep well, and the Thugs’ well at Kanauj is still })ointed out by tradition.
The crime of strangling much declined with the adveiit of railways, but
the terror inspiml by the operations of the stranglers lasted long. The
modern Code of (’riminal Piwedure, still mentions iu Section 181 ‘‘the
offence of being a Thug,”

Regulation X of 1807 established a Board of two members to super-
vise the Collectors in. the -Ceded Provinces. This Board was called the
Boar*d of Commissionci’s for the Ceded Provinces. It lasted dow n to 1822,
and its office was at Fatchgarh. The locality in which this office was
situated has not been disco^crcd, but since the Board was followed by the
appointment of a Commissioner, whose office was in the building now'
known as the Collector’s cutcherry, it might reasonably be presumed that
the Board also worked -in the Collcctorate compound. In 1822, however,
the Board sold its old office to Gopal Das, banker, for Ks. 15,000. No
record of any sale by Gopal Das exists, and the property in question is
unknown to his descendants. This is a matter for rcgr*ct, because this
Board was the ancestor of the pr’esciit Board of Revenue, and its corres-
ixrndence exists in abundance, written as it was from Fntehgarh and other
places ; for the Board often went on tour with a prodigious following of
fifteen hundred |)ersons ! Members of this Board, who resided at Fatehgarh,

203

when not on tour, were VV. R. Cox ; H. St. G. Tucker ; Sir Edward
Colebrooke, Bart; J. Deane; A, Ross; W. H. Trant ; E. S. Waring;
and H. New’nhara. The last named member was Secretary to the Board
for many years and a very old resident of Fatehgarh.

The proximity of the Board was a great nuisance to the Collector,
wliose proceedings naturally came under the eyes of the Members more
fi*equently than was the case of other Collectors. On the 26th August
1817, for example, a petition was presented at the Board's oHree com-
plaining of abuses by the Sudder oflicers. The Junior Member, Mr. Trant,
was at once deputed to go to the Collector's (.’ourt in Kasim Bagh and
watch him, while he made enquiry into this complaint against his officers
and himself. The Collector resented this close supervision, and corres-
pondence lx*tween the Board and various Collectors of the District is
interesting from this point of view. Mr. H. Swetenham (Collector 1820-
24) appears to have Ijeeii of a fiery nature. On the 5th April 1820 he
was censured by the Board for not having distributed rewards to his
tahsildtirs in a fitting manner. Mr. Swetenham replied as follows : “It
is wdth sensation of real pain 1 have this day perused the Board's letter of
the 20th ult. The Board in the exercise of their control can adopt the
language of severity at discretion. I submit to their commands with full
respect to their authority, but by the construction of the 2nd para, above
1 am intercepted in the career of business. 1 cannot venture to pass orders
whilst labouring under the stigma implied in the para, above alluded to,
reprehended and rebuked, nay even branded and villified by a superior
power.” The Board ordered him to withdraw these remarks, or complaint
would be made to Government at Calcutbi. Further on in the year the
(.’ollector became resigned to the Board’s unceasing vigilance, for in another
letter, after pointing out what he would have done in the circumstances,
he hastens to add : “ Time has effaced the more delicate and more easily

irritated feelings of Youth, and experience has taught me to l)ecome
callous !”

The Collector at this period administered nearly all the modern
district of Etah, and a good portion of Etawah, in addition to Farrukhalwid,
Eventually the Etah terintory became the sub-col lectornte of Sirhpura,

204

which lasted up to 1845. The Etawah suh-collectomte was called Bela,
and it was separated from Farrukhabad in 1838. The C'ollector at
Fatehgarh controlled both these sub-collectorates. In addition to his
ordinary revenue duties he was also Mint Master, receiving an extra
allowance of Hs. 850 for this post.

In 1823 the Hoard of Commissioners disappeared, giving way to a
Board of Revenue for the Western Province. This Board had its head-
quarters at Delhi. In 1825 it was ordered to go to Bareilly and until the
necessary buildingg were erected, it was to work at Fatehgarh, The records
were place<l in Colonel Brown’s house at Rakha, and business was conduc-
ted in a bungalow taken on lease. In 1829 this Board went in its tum.
A Sudder Board of Revenue at Calcutta appeared, and new administrative
officers, called Commissioners of Circuit and Reveune, acting under the
Sudder Board, took charge of the Ceded Provinces. These ( Commissioners
did the work of a modern Sessions Judge, and also supervised the adminis-
tration of J\idge Magistrates and Collectors. The 3rd, or Farrukhabad
Division, comprised the districts of Farrukhabad, Mainpuri, Etawah, and
the sub-collectorate of Sirhpura. The Commissioner’s office, called the
Circuit Mouse, was that building now occupied by the officers and courts
of the Collectorate. From 1829 to 1838, therefore, the appearance of
the Collectorate compound was gradually assuming its modern shajie. The
Judge Magistrate occupied the present Sessions Court, and there was a
Court for the Suboixlinate Judge behind. Besides the Circuit House in
the middle, there existed the tomb of Head Surgeon Hamilton, the well,
and a havalat, or lock-up for under trial prisoners, on the site of the old
police barracks, and behind the present Police Club. This lock-up was
built in 1814 by Mr. Elliott for Hs. 2, .500, It was in the Commissioners’
times described ns a “ bomb proof building ”, and was guarded by a
duffadar and eight sepoys. A havalat for civil prisoners was made on the
site of the Judge’s garden behind his court. All these buildings were
smaller than they are to-day. The Circuit House, which was the largest
of tliem, had only half of its pi'esent extent.

The firat Commissioner was Henry Newnhom, who for long had held
the post of Secretary to the Ceded Provinces’ Board. His connection

205

with Fatchgarh started in 1812. He entered the Coiiiponj’s service
in 1802, serving in many appointments long since obsolete, such as that
of Collector of Customs, Superintendent of Resources in 1815, Mint
Master 1824!, and member of the Board of Revenue for the Western
Province up to 1829. He had also been Collector of the District. He
lived in the Mall Road, his compound covering those of No. 17 and
No. 18 Bungalows. This residence was known by his name down to the
Mutiny. The records contain a good deal of his correspondence, which
shows him to have been an official of gi'eat experience in the Revenue
Department. There is a curious report by him to the Board concerning
an affray in the south of the District, in which his oixlerlies w^ere
concerned. It appears that they were escorting his family to the bazar
of a small town in order to purchase stores, when dacoits attacked them.
The family turned out to be an Indian lady living under Newnham’s
protection. It was this lady who erected the Kerbela behind the present
Police Lines. Newnham built the Lai Serai in the City, restored the
Bangash tomb at Mau Rashidabad, and was much respected by the
inhabitants of the District.

In 1832, the Commissioner had a large staff of four assistants
namely Messrs. Gilmore, Morgan, Totenham, and Travel’s, These gentle-
men helped to make up a civilian staff of nine officers, which was a total
never reached again ; for as a civil station Fatehgarh was at its zenith
in the thirties, and then aferwards declined, as the CJantonnient had
done. A Viscount Exmouth was assistant in 1834. Mr. Boulderson
was the last Commissioner and a friend of Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali
Khan. The latter was fond of displaying his knowledge of English ;
and on hearing that the Commissionership liad been abolished, he wrote
a letter of condolence to Mr. Boulderson, in which he concluded with
the following curse : And as for the man who formed the idea of

doing away with your appointment, my dear frieml, may God blast him
under the earth.”

Other Commissioners w^ere ll.H.Tulloh ; E.J. Harington ; W. Monckton
{India 181 4-42. .Judge of the High Court. Died 1875) ; H. Swetenham ;
H. Fraser (India 1814-41. Judge of Delhi. Died 1843); and H. S,

Boulderson (India 181 Member, Board of fievenue. Died 1877).
In 1888 the 8rd Division was amalgamated with that of Agra, Mr.
Boulderson being the first Commissioner of the new Division at Agra.
When he vacated the Circuit House, the Collector at once moved in from
the Mint House,

The Collectorate compound then assumed its pi*esent appearance.
The Circuit House was lengthened to the south. The Record Room
block to the north-east was built, and the laml by Hamilton’s tomb, which
was covere<l with lines for the Police after the Mutiny, w'as occupied by
the stables and lines of the mounteil orderlies. On the river bank was a
“ chir khana ”, or morgue, for post mortems on corpses. The arcaded
building, south of Hamilton’s tomb, is said by l>azar tra<Ution to have
Ixien a serai. This is not the case, for the building was cons tructed for
the Treasury. All the buildings were damaged in the Mutiny by the
41st N. 1., and the majority of the records were burnt. Records, picked
up from the ground on the re-occupation of the Station, were bound
together, and are to l)e viewed in the Record Room, I'he volumes of the
1888 Settlement were also salvaged, and show no trace of damage.
They must have been concealed in a safe j)lace by Mr. Probyn, the
Collector, when the Mutiny broke out. A few old sale deeds >vei*e
recovered, which are now to tie seen in the Registrar’s office. The bulk
of the records, so far as they I’elate to cori’espondeiu'c with the Commis-
sioner, was fortunately at Agra, and has come down intact to the present
day. These records give all requisite information for a study of the pre-
Mutiny administmtioii in detail. Dewar’s handbook to the records of the
Province indicates their scope and contents.

It has lieen seen that the third settlement of the revenue ended in
181^. Mr. Donnithorne, the Collector, prepared the fifth, which was to
last up to 1817, providing for a revenue of roughly thirteen and a
quarter lakhs. This settlement was prolonged by five yearly extensions
up to 1886. Mr. Donnithoriie’s assessment was extremely unpopular.
I'he only detailed survey, which he carried out, was necessitated by the
uncompromising attitude of Raja .laswant Singh of Tirwa. In November
1813 Mr. Donnithorne proceeded himself to inspect the Raja’s villages in

207

Chhibraiiiau and Bewar. As he approached each village the Raja's
agents abducted the village accountant, and concealed the estate pa))ers.
The result was a detailed survey of the estate, a measure forced ou
Mr. Donnithorne, which as a matter of fact proved a valuable guide for
assessment purposes, and showed that the original estimates, rough
though they were, had not been unfair. These haphazard methods of
assessment were dropj^cd in 18{i6-J3T, when the fifth settlement was under-
taken under Regulation IX of 1838. These settlement 0|)crations were
distinguished by a scientific survey of the District, completed Ijctwecn
1833 and 1839. One of the officers who workc<l at it was Lieutenant
Henry Lawrence, afterwards Sir Henry Lawrence, K. (\ H, (1808-57),
the defender of the Residency at Lucknow, He was then a member of
the Revenue Survey of the N. VV^ Provinces. I'he assessment had to lie
reduced twiro in consequence of the famine of 1837 and a plagiie of
locusts in 1843. In 1845 the revenue assessed was eleven and a half
lakhs ; and with the exception of a slight incroase after the Mutiny, it
was kept at about these figures for twenty years. The 1833 Settlement,
as tins assessment was called, was never popular It was alfectcd l)y
extraordinary calamities, which laid waste all that part of the District to
the south of the Kali Nadi. The huge profits made by indigo planters,
who had formed themselves into companies managing large estates, had
been taken into account. Unfortunately just after 1833 the planters
Ijcgan to suffer losses, probably as the result of o^cr production. The
records tell of the ruin of many factories, and the withdrawal of wealthy
planters and brokers like Mercer, Brand, Martin, Storr, Bruce, and others.
Much land became waste, and landed pro}>crty was so cheap that pur-
chasers could not be found for it. By 1840 the golden age of indigo
planting was over in Fatehgarh.

I'hc Judge was District Magistrate up to 1833, and also head of the
Police. He was assisted by an official called the “ Register.” This
name has often been confused with that of “ Registrar,” who was nearly
always a subordinate, and carried out entirely different duties. The
Register was the prototype of the modern joint magistrate, and he seems
to have administered the Police for the Judge. On occasions he officiated

208

for the Judge Magistrate. Jlis office at Fatehgarh was closed oti the
I Hh January The Collector, on the other hand, was only

concerned with th*^ assessment and collection of revenue, hence the title
of C'ollector.” The collection of revenue in those days was a work of
some difficulty, as was only to be cx|)ccted in the case of an official, who had
no strong executive j>owcrs, and no force with which to exact compliance
from the landholders, secure in their mud forts. A good example is to be
found in the records of 1830 in connection with the Collector’s attempt
to eject certain defaulters from Dobeh Fort (now in Etawah District).
The Collector (Mr. Nisbet) called upon the then acting Judge (Mr.
Taylor) for help. Mr. Taylor sent the nearest police from Talgram
Police station ; but they had to retreat. Military aid was demanded ;
and two companies of the 17th N. f. under Captain Wilson were sent by
the Officer Commanding, Major Hawthorne, in June. The Government
at Calcutta was much incensed. Mr. Taylor was ordered to submit his
explanation, which he did with much verbosity. He concluded his excuses
by saying : ‘‘ I am fully and deeply impressed with the feeling, that

Government is averse to the resort of such measures, unless when i>ositively
and urgently called for, and that at all times they demand the observance
of the most mature deliberation.” Government was unable to think
of aiiyihitig to answer. The I'ecord gives a description of this fort at
Dobeh, which enables one to picture village strongholds of that day. It
was 75 feet square. The walls were faced with mud, and were 15 feet
high and 9 feet thick, loopholed at the top for matchlocks. A dry ditch,
3 feet deep and 18 feet bwad, surrounded the whole, an ample protection
in the rains.

The first District and Sessions Judge was the Honourable F. J. Shore,
who for the first two years of his stay at Fatehgarh was Judge Magistrate
under the old arrangements. His notes give an illuminating description
of what went on at Fatehgarh, when the Judge, occupied with executive
work, had little time for the conduct of cases. His arrears of work from
1831 were 243 original suits ; 3,640 executions of decrees, and 750
miscellaneous cases. In Octolier 1829 two cases of murder had been
tried by the Commissioner of Farrukimhad, and i*efcrred to the Chief

20t>

Criminal Court for orders of hanging. Up to tlie end of no oi‘ders
had been i*eceived. Shore also drew attention to the procedure of the
Supreme Court of Justice at Calcutta, which by sending bailiffs all over
India, could arrest any one merely on information of a debt l^eing sworn
at Calcutta, and drag them down to that city under arrest. This
iniquitous system was responsible for two cases at Fatehgarh. Nawab
Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan was ti'eated in this way. He vainly offered to
pay the sum demande I rather than waste months in going to Calcutta.
He was only saved by the interference of the whole population of
Cantonments. In 18 JO the temple at Singhirampore was suddenly attached
on a writ from the Supreme Court. All claimants were told to go to
Calcutta and prove their cases there.

The Judge before 18JJ was magistrate, [wlice su[)erintendent, and
public prosecutor rolled in one, and he was far busier over the suppression
of crime than the deciding of civil suits. His court was a par.demonium.
The court clerk took evidence ia a corner, (juestioning the witnesses in
Urdu, and writing the result in bad Persian. The Judge often tried two
or three cases simultaneously in this manner. The clerks read out the
evidence at great sjxjed ; the Mohamedan law officer gave a legal opinion
from the standpoint of Mohamedan criminal law ; and the Judge rapidly
wrote out liis judgment, often on a scrap of paper. This in fact was easy
work for him, for he had himself already investigated the case at his
bungalow before it came up for trial ! After 18 JJ his establishment
comprised a subordinate judge and six niunsifs. Ten vakils practised in
the courts at Sudder, and forty-nine in the Munsifs’ courts.

The Collector took over the Magistrate’s office from the Judge. It
was not amalgamated with the revenue department but tlie staff of each
was kept separate. To take the revenue office first, two departments
existed side by side, called the English and Persian offices, although
practically s{)eaking the office attached to the District Magistrate’s court
was also part of the Persian one. The writing of documents in a Persian
jargon was stopped in 1886, and the name of this office disappeared.
Persian, however, continued to lie written in barbarous fashion in the
civil courts for three years longer. The English office had a head clerk

oil Rs. 150, who was usually a Eurasian, and three clerks on Rs. 80,
Rs. 50 anrl Rs. 80. This immljer was increased by two more English
writers after 1840. The Persian office had twelve clerks on various
duties, such as the sarrishtedar and his assistant ; the tauzib navis and
the jama kharch navis (accountants); the diary writer; the nazir and
his assistant ; and others besides twenty-five peons on Rs. 4? each Thei-e
were eight menials, including some with curious duties like the farrash,
or oar)>et spreader, and the gangajallu, or purveyor of Ganges water to
Hindu litigants. The Treasury had a treasurer on Rs. 50 and seven
clerks. The Magistrate’s court had attached to it a sarrishtedar, 1
nazir, 14 clerks, 18 |)eons, 1 jemadar, and 48 mounted orderlies. Even
taking into consideration the low rate of pay of the members of this
establishment at hcadijuarters, the numlx'rs as compared with those of
the present day apjxar to Ije excessive.

The superior district staff, Ixsides the (-ollector, was ordinarily a
deputy collector and joint magistrate on Rs. 1 ,000, two assistant magistrates
on Rs. ^K)0 each, and a doctor on Rs. 850. The Tahsils, or revenue offices
in the District, were always changing, but were usually eight, or nine, in
number. The one at headquarters was called the “ Huzur Tahsil.” It
had no tahsildar, but was presided over by a peshkar, or naib tahsildar,
assisted by 10 clerks, ^ jemadars and 70 peons. The term “jxshkar” is
still used by country people to designate a naib talisildnr. Tahsildars
existed at Talgram (in the Fort), Azamnagar (now a pargana of F^tah
District), Shamsabad, Amrit|Hir, Kanaiij, Khakatmau, Thatia-Tirwa, and
Sakatpur. After 18ii5 the headquarters of the Shamsabad Tahsil was
shifted to Kaimganj in conse(|\icncc of a burglary of the Treasury.
Sakatpur varied with Saurikh ns lHiadi|unrters of a i*evenue sub-division.
The office at Kanauj was in the Fort up to 1840. It was then sold for
Rs. 600, and in 1846 thei*e was not a trace of it left. Only Kanauj out
of all these tahsils i*emnins to-day as a revenue sub-division. The modern
sub-division of ('hhibramnu was abolished in 1818, and w’as not revived
until 1840, since which date it has continued to the present time. The
sub-collectorate of Sirhpura, which covered three quarters of the area of
the motlem district of Etah, had its separate staff. It passed out of the

211

of the Collector in Siuiilftrly^ the sub-collectorate of Bela

(ft large portion of Etawah District) had its own officials, and was free of
Farrukhabad iii 1838. An important department of the Coilectorate was
that of the mail runners, who to the number of seventy-two (each on Rs. 3
monthly) had to convey the Collector’s orders to all tahsils and police
thanas. The immense extent of the district, from Etah to Etawah,
rendered necessary the employment of a large niinil)er of men. The
mounted onlerlies were also used for this work ; and the carriage of office
records and correspondence was most expeditious.

Police arrangements in Cantonments were few. There was a Kotwali
in Fatehgarh Saddar bazar, containing a jemadar on Rs, 25 and a
inounte<l man on Rs. 18. Two other sowars on Rs. 18 each patrolled the
Cantonment roads, and were called rounds,’' or Kofe-gashtee, (patrolling
of lanes). There was, nevertheless, a considerable establishment in the
district under the orders of the Magistrate and Commissioner. The Joint
Magistrate practically carried out the duties of a modern Superintendent
of Policre for the Magistrate. There were police stations at Talgram,
Amritpur, Khakatmau, Kamalganj, Mohamdabad, Chhibramau and
Shamsabad ; while a large number of outposts at other places were almost
as big as the |X)lice stations. Talgram in 1835 had a thanadaron Rs. 30,
a jemadar on Hs. 8, mohurrir on Hs. 8, duffadar on Rs. 5, 39 burkandazes
on Rs. 4 each. (3ther expenses allowed were repairs and stationery,
Rs. 5. The total monthly cost of one [)olice station was thus Rs. 212.
Some Coilectorate workers were not paid. In 1835 sixteen convicts from
the jail pulled the [mnkhas in office. It is said that Mr. Robinson (the
(’ollector), Mr. Rose (the Joint Magistrate), Mr. Kinloch (the (-ollecUu-
of Customs), and the office clerks divided the 16 amongst themselves. The
Commissioner had eleven convicts pulling in his office ; the Judge six, and
only 25 convicts were living in the jail, after deducting tlie punkha
pullers and gangs working on the roads.

The correspondence l)etween the (’ommissioner and the Collector
reveal many proceedings, which have long since become obsolete. By
Government order of the 14th October 1820 district officials ha<l to take
three oaths, when entering on their appointments. These were the oaths

212

of office, supremacy, and allegiance. On the accession of Queen Victoria
to the throne in 18Ji7, apparently every one in the Province had to renew
these oaths, and an official came from Bengal to administer them. The
subjects on which officials discoursed Wfore the Mutiny had a very wide
range, and were always described in a stilted and pedantic style. They
seem often to Ikj of incongruous character, as whefi the Commissioner
recommends a mixture for combating the white ant menace ; the Joint
Magistrate writes an essay on the confinement of prisoners in stocks ; the
Collector casually mentions postage stamps in 1854 for the first time; the
Judge lannounces the victories of Mudki and Ferozeshahr over the Sikhs.
Mention can be found of every possible topic, extending from important
problems of revenue to demamls for the most petty requirements, in the
purchase of which the Collector was allowed no discretion at all. In 1812
Mr. Donnithorne complained that his office tent was more than four yeai's
old. He asked leave to buy a new one for the modest sum of Rs. 150.
Government not only refused, but added insult to injury by ordering him
to have the tent condemned fii'st by the Officer (Commanding, and submit
a certificate to that effect. In 1817. the (.'ollector had actually to write
to the Governor-General at Calcutta for sanction to employ a daftri, or
book binder, on Rs. (i monthly. In 1841 the (Commissioner refused to
allow the ('ollector to buy a table cloth for Rs. 7. The District
Magistrate officially demanded Rs. 2 for repairing a ladder ; Rs. 5 for a
little floor matting ; Rs. 4 for an office box ; Re. 1 for a pair of
handcuffs ; Re. 1/12, for repairing the office door ; the appointment of a
sweeper on Rs. 8 monthly. This last request was not sanctioned on the
ground that it was extravagant. In 1882 after some correspondence
Rs, 9 was obtained from Government for watering the drooping trees
in Cantonments during May and June. The money was granted so
reluctantly that the District Magistrate did not apparently ever apply for
it again. He was sufficiently busy in having to submit a vast number of
returns. Some of them appear to he really comic like that which called
for a statement of the numlier of Presbyterians in Fateligarh, w^ho belonged
neither to the Free Church, nor to the Established Church of Scotland.
The Collector’s answer has been lost, and rightly so !

CHAPTER XII.

RAKHA AND THE CAVALRY LINES.

Jl^HE road from Cantonments to Rakha was made at the first oecupa-
1 tion of Fatehgarh, and was one of the chief avenues of approach
to the City, which it entered by the Madar Gate. The other main road
to the City was the Qadri Gate Road through the pmsent Railway Lines.
Both roads were metalled in the forties, but the Madar Gate Road from
the site of the Central Jail up to the City was only completed in 1850.
In proceeding towards Rakha the Golf Links are first seen on the left.
The bridge over the nullah was built by Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan
in 1880. The modem Golf Links and the land opj)osite it on the other
side of the road, were part of the ('avalry ('antonment.

Before reaching the High School Boarding House and the new Police
Lines, a bare tract will 1 h^ seen to the east of the road, which was the
location of the old ice pits, I'he Reserve Inspector’s house covers a portion
of the area. Befoi’e the discovery of modem methods, ice had to be made
in winter by inducing pans of water to freeze in trenches prepared for the
purpose. The old manner is minutely descril^ed by Mrs Fanny Parks ;
and here it is sufficient to say that an abdar dwelt on the ice field, whose
business it was to summon coolies to collect the ice from the pain, and
pack it into straw lined pits to await the next hot weather. These ojjera-
tions continued up to a fairly recent date ; for there is still a water carrier
living in Fatehgarh Town, who worked in these ice fields as a boy. The
managers of the Ice House (’onimittee at Fatehgarh wei*e the General, or
(’olonel Commanding, the Major, and Judge Magistrate. In October the
Committee met and settled the rates, then informing all residents of the
Station and leading raises in the Town. All who wished to subscribe paid
a deposit in October. The cost at Fatehgarh was usually Rs. 10 per seer
for the entire season. A subscriber, who joined after February, had to
pay Rs. 2 more per seer, and later on the price rose every fortnight for
new subscribers. The supply lasted from 6 to 8 months Any subscril>er

214

leaving the Station sokl his share to another after giving notice, othei-
wise his deposit was forfeited. Ice was supplied daily at 4 a. m.; and
the rules were strict in i*equiring punctual attendance of all subscribers’
servants. Once the pits were closed, they could not be reopened, and late
arrivals received no issue.

The ice pits are just within the area of Kutra village, and the
bungalows of the cavalry officers were actually within the l)oundaries of
the same area. The cavalry stables and parade ground were in Rakha
village, ami both village areas together made up the Cavalry Cantonment.
The name Rakha was generally applied to both of them. To the east of
the ice pits is to-day the extensive compound belonging to the Raja of
Tirwa. It was the property of G. G. Moiv up to 184H, and further east
on the very bank of the Ganges was a small bungalow, which was used by
the Haja of Tirwa at that date. Moir was a member of the firm, Reid,
Moir and Mac Arthur, which carried on a saltjTetre refinery during the
thirties. Moir remained on years after the dissolution of the firm. In
I84() he was still residing on this s|K>t.

The ground covered by the new Police Lines, and the sj>ace l)ehind
them up to the Ganges, contained most of the bungalows of the cavalry
officers. The land is now under cultivation for the most part, or waste
land along the Ganges, covered wdth fra\gments of hrit-k and |>ottery.
little other evidence of these ohl houses will be found on the s{)ot. With
the aid of the records of the Settlement of Land Revenue in 18.‘58, it has
l>een |K)ssible to mark their |K>8ition exactly on the map. The village
belonged originally to Kurmis, and in 1777 when the Cavalry Lines were
set up, the land became revenue free. In 1805 the cavalry left, and the
major part of the sites of the bungalows fell into the hands of a few
wealthy traders of Fatehgarh. W. P. Wattle (came out to India in the
“Oxford,” 1T86) is described as a wealthy money lender, commission
agent, and trader. He and his wife Mnlka Nur Bibi, and Messi*s. Tetley
and Abbot, ownml nearly all the Cantonment in Kutra. Abbot has left
no traces. Of Tetley there Is mention only in the correspondence over
Captain Hawthorne’s affair in 1819-20 (see chapter II). Captain
Hawthorne says in one of his letters that Tetley had two houses in

215

Canton ineuis, which were situated in one compound. Tetley lived in one,
and Hawthorne took the other teinporaiily on lease from him. After Uie
abandonment of the Cantonment the land should have reverted to its old
Kurmi owners. The Board of Revenue, however, leased the sites of the
officers' houses to the old chokidars of those houses at a imminal rent.
Wattle, Tetley, and Abbot were merely recorded as revenue free holders
of their land. They did not even pay nominal rent. None of these
revenue free holders, or lessees, were entitled to the proprietary rights.
It was thought at the investigation during the settlement of that the
Boaixl of Revenue had given away the land in this manner by way of
compensation for losses incurred in 1804 at the time of the Mahratta
raid. Holkar’s men burnt all the bungalows in Kutra, and the ice house
and pits in addition. As will be seen later the cavalry officers, who were
occupants of the houses at the time, obtained no coini)ensation for the
destruction of their furniture.

Besides the three European traders already mentioned, three or four
others owned bungalows. Storr, a wealthy indigo broker, and MacArthur,
lK)tli invested in puixjbascs of bungalow's, vacated in 1805. A name,
which is not properly written in the records, Frick or Frank, is entered
for one. Another house was owned by one Scott, or the woixl might
represent “ Mess Kot ” in the Urdu transliteration. Scott is the better
reading, since officers’ messes could not have Iwicn in existence in 1805.
Ill one Urdu list occurs “ Bailey.” There is, however, iio record of a
Bailey ” at any period up to the Mutiny. There w'cre in all nine
bungalows, including that of Mr. Moir, and two flat roofed houses, or
kothis, in this part of the Cantoiimeiit. In 1804! it is known that the
fourteen officers of tlie 4th Regiment of Native Cavalry live*! 1161X5 in ten
bungalows. On the bank of the Ganges are still to be seen the ruins of
an old building. This was the ‘‘ Karbela ” built by the Bibi of Mr.
Newnham. There are several graves in the vicinity, and she is probably
buried in one of them. Stretching over the land, which runs from the
boundary of the new Police Lines to the Cawnpore Road, was a large
enclosure, the use of which is unknown. It was connected with the
Cavalry Lines in some fashion.

216

North of the Rakha Road the land is broken and seamed by nullahs.
The Marquis of Hastings approached Fatehgarh by this road in 181.5.
He made the following entry in his journal about this very feature, “ As
we approached this place (Fatehgarh) I was much struck with it. The
whole plain, wherever the eye can reach, is covered with luxuriant crops.
Numerous and large groves of mango trees break the uniformity of the
scene, and those at a distance forn» a rich background to it. The part
immediately close to the Cantonment is an exception to this statement. It
is broken in an extraordinary manner by small ravines, not running in any
general direction, but forming the most confused map of intersections
imaginable. This tract is of coui*se uncultivated, and nothing can present
a more arid sterility than its face. It affords protection to the Canton-
ment, for cavalry cannot approach but by the roads on all of which are
narrow passes. ’

The (’avalry Lines commenced at the point of intersection of the
Cnwn|)ore and Rakha Roads, running |)arallel to the latter road, and
covering the areas of the District Jail and the Rakha Mission. They
lasted from 1777 tolHll, when the Cantonment officially came to an end.
Two years later (’olonel Rutledge gained possession of the Lines, which
had l)een deserted since 1805, and leased them out to cultivators for
Rs. 200 yearly.

The parade ground has an even older history. In the eighteenth
century the Bangash Nawabs had here a hunting preserve ; and the word
Rakha ” from rakhna, to preserve, indicates the use to which this area
was put. In nineteenth century records this paratle ground is indiffei*ently
styled the cavalry or the artillery ground. It was, however, nearly always
used by the former corps.

The proceedings of the (fOvernor-Gener.d, dated the 4th Augjst
1777, ordered the establishment of three cavalry regiments of 480
troopers each, and consequently the Temporary Brigade had attached to
it the Lst Cavalry under Captain Wray, the 2nd under Captain Webber,
and the brd under C q)tain Fairfax. Kach regiment, in addition to the
Captain commanding it, had two Lieutenants, and there was an atljutant
and a t|uartermaster for the corps of cavalry. All these officers were

217

borrowed from the infantry battalions, there being no separate cadre of
officers for the cavalry at this date. The Quartermaster was Ensign
Lawrence Gall, whose son, George Herbert Gall, was bom at Fatehgarh
on the 7th February 1779. This is the first birth of which record has
been found. Lawi*ence Gall died at Calcutta in 1806 and his son at
Karnal in 1826, being then Lieut.-Colonel of the 8th Lt. Cavalry. One
of these i*egiments, the 1st Cavalry, had been raised some months before
by Captain Marsack near Farrukhabad City, and contained numbers of
Kaimganj Pathans. It was, therefore, already on the spot. The other
two marched in from distant stations, the 2nd coming from Benares.

It has been seen in Chapter I that Captain Primrose Thompson laid
out the Fatehgarh Cantonment. His correspondence makes no mention of
cavalry lines; but from a report of the 19th May 1778, the Lines are
stated to be in rear of those of the infantry corps, and still later reports
point to them at Rakha with the transport of the Temporary Brigade
further to the south at Gaukhana. The description is a very rough one,
but it must be remembered that at that date the whole area between the
Fort and Rakha was an open plain wit i none of the abundant vegetation
which exists a present. Fatehgarh Town, which lies between the Lines
of the infantry and the cavalry, was then a small bazar of huts to which
the men of both corps resorted for buying necessaries. The Lines at
Rakha would have been visible to the infantry to the north of them, and
the description of the cavaliy as being cantoned in the rear would have
been a natuial one for a resident in the Fatehgarh Cantonment. In 1778
these lines consisted of 27 hutments for three regiments. The hutments
were at first of a temporary character. They were merely rows of posts,
made of mango tree wood, driven into the ground, and supporting roofs
of thatch. Some portions of the stables were rebuilt, and the horse stalls
were covered by tiled roofs, supported on masonry pillars ; but thatched
stalls persisted in use for many years, and gave rise to constant complaint.
The first temporary stables were erected in December 1777. On the 19th
May 1778 they were blown down by high winds. They were damaged by
fire on the 11th March 1795, and hardly had they been repaired, when a
furious storm on the 15th May blew the thatch off three huts and nearly

218

dcmolbhed the remainder of the horse stalls. Even so late as 1797^ after
20 years of occupation, nearly all tlie stables were thatched, and large
sums of money were being spent on annual repairs. At the end of 1804
Holker and a Mahratta force raided Fatehgarh and burnt the Lines with
no difficulty at all.

Other buildings mentioned as being in the Lines are the store rooms,
a bungalow on the right of the Lines for two sergeants attached to the
cavalry, and the European Hospital, the site of which is not discoverable.
In 1795 the bungalows of two sergeant-majors wei*e in existence, and in
the following year a bungalow was built for the Riding Master and two
sergeants at a cost of 1 ,000 sicca rupees.

A bungalow was situated to the south of the Jail facing the parade
ground. It belonged to Mr. Frick, and was called the Head Sahib’s
house. At the north-western corner of the Jail, a large flat roofed house
overlooked the race course up to the Mutiny, It was called after Major-
General Thomas Brown, who commanded the 2nd Cavalry at Fatehgarh
in 1802. Four years before he seems to have Ixien serving with the 1st
Cavalry. The house was known for forty years as Colonel Brown’s house.
In 1827 the compound was put under cultivation. It was bought even-
tually by Nawab Hakim Mehdi Ali Khan. The com|>ound measured filb
by 265 yards and contained forty trees. The house fell into ruins during
the Mutiny. Apart from the race course there is only one relic of the old
Cantonment to be seen to-day. A few hundred yards from the western wall
of the Mission Girls’ School stands a very fine masonry well in the middle
of a field. This well still does good service, and is worth ins|X 2 ction.

Four years after the setting up of the Cantonment at Rakha, the
cavalry establishment had been reduced to one regiment, namely the 2nd
Cavalry under Captain Law. In 1785 this regiment was under the
command of Captain Richard Frith, who on and off was stationed at
Rakha for the next twenty years. C.’aptain Frith (1756-1819) was a
Comet in 1779, and appears in the 1st Regiment of Cavalry in 1787.
He saw active service during the Mud War of 1803. That year he raised
an Irregular Cavalry Regiment, called the “ Hindoostany Independent
Regiment but in the 2nd Mahratta War he was with the 4th Native

219

•Cavalry, as will be seen later. From 1815 to his death in 1819 he
commanded the Agra and Muttra frontier, and was Colonel of the 8th
Native Cavalry. He died at Muttra, and was buried in the Cantonment
cemetery at that place. Being an officer with great local knowledge of
Fatehgarh, he presided over many committees, and his reports exist in
the records. One of the most interesting records is n memorial, dated
the 30th November 1804, which was nddiessed to the Commander-in-
Chief, Lord Lake, by Major Frith and the officers of the 4th Regiment
of Native Cavalry from their camp near Muttra. It will be remembered
that on the 16th November, a fortnight befoi*e the drafting of this
memorial, Holkar and the Mahrattas escaped from Lord Lake’s forces,
and raidetl Fatehgarh. The Rakha Cantonment, lying as it does near
to Dhilawal village, where the Mahrattas had their camp, was completely
ruined as well as the ice house and pits. The object of the memorial was
to obtain compensation from Government for the destruction of bungalows
and furniture on that occasion. It is signed by Major Frith, two
captains, five lieutenants, and six cornets of the 4th Cavalry. A list of
the bungalows is given, which shews the extent of the Cantonment in
1804. The total loss was estimated at Rs. 29,900. Major Frith and
his nephew, Captain Elliott, lived together in a large house worth
Rs. 4,000. Books, furniture and liquors were valued at Rs. 2,000. Two
brothers, named Lieutenants Charles and Edwanl Ridge, lived in separete
houses, apparently in one comjmund, the two being valued together at
Rs. 3,000. Their furniture and liquors were worth Rs. 1,000. Captain
Armstrong had the largest bungalow, worth Rs. 5,000, hut had very
little furniture in it ; whilst Lieutenant Shubrick was content with a
small residence and a large stock of liquor. His furniture was valueless,
and he made no claim for it. The fourteen officers lived in ten bungalows,
a number which with the three for the Riding Master and Sergeants
accords with that given in the records of the fii^st regular Settlement of
Land Revenue. There is no mention of a regimental mess, and no such
institution is anywhere recorded for Fatehgarh until 1846.

On the 25th July 1805 the Secretary to Government in the Military
Department, who had received the memorial from the Commander-in-

220

Chief, asked the Advocate-General to report. On the 1st August the
latter replied that the officers had no legal claim. This decision was not
communicated to the memorialists, and after vainly waiting for two years,
Lt.-Colonel Frith again wrote to Govexmment at Calcutta. Government
this time replied that reference would be made to the Court of Directors
of the East India Company in England for orders, and there the matter
ended.

The 1st Regiment of Cavalry spent thirteen years at Rakha, and
the 2nd Regiment about seventeen years altogether. The history of both
regiments was uneventful. In 1799 one troop of the 1st Regiment under
Lieutenant G. H Gall was detached on special duty to Jaipore to assist at
the arrest of the rebel Vizier All and bring him to Fatehgarh. Vizier Ali
was wonted for the murder of the Resident at Benares. Lieutenant John
Pester in his diary mentions visiting Rakha in June 1805. He dined
there with the officers of the 27th Light Dragoons. This regiment had
a year before been away on service with Lord Lake’s flying column, and
returning in pursuit of Holkar, took part in the fight under the City
walls near the present Farrukhabnd Railway Station. The Cantonment’s
existence after Holkar’s raid was with one exception peaceful. On the
24th May 1805 a tremendous storm ravaged the neighbourhood. Many
houses in the City fell, and over forty persons were killed there. After
their abolition officially in 1811 the stable lines and bungalow compounds
were leased out to cultivators, but the parade ground remained intact.
In later years cavalry regiments are frequently reported as camping on
the parade ground. In December 1827 the 3rd Irregular Horse
(Baddeley’s) was in camp on the race course, and in the following year the
2nd Local (Gardner’s) Horse, commanded by Lt.-Colonel R. F. Dougan,
and known at that time as Dougan’s Corps of Irregular Horse. The
parade ground finally disappeared after 1840, being leased to the Mission,
which only a few years ago severed all connection with it. It still retains
its original shape, and is bounded by the remains of the race course.

The cavalry rifle range was in Naukhandn village, one mile south
of the present District Jail. The cantonment ai-ea, in fact, extended
some way down the Cawnpore Road and on both sides of it. Four miles

221

away were the transport lines, and the village of Lain Gaiikhana (Bullock
Lines) preserves their memory in its name.

An ‘‘ Overseer of Bullocks " was in charge of Gaukhana. The first
was John Fenny, a gunner of Captain Gordon’s company of artillery, who
worked from 1777 for twenty yeai*s. The Bullock Lines were under
the control of the Artillery Commandant, and an artilleryman was
naturally put in charge of them, residing in Rahmatganj close by. Sup-
plies of bhusa and grain were provided by a contractor, who in 1 793 was
the cause of some considerable trouble. The contractor went to Serauli
village, which is described as five kos from Gaukhana, and filled a
number of carts with bhusa. An altercation arose with the villagers, who
prevented the carts from leaving, and the contractor summoned help
from Fenner, whose immediate superior officxir happened to l)e Lieu-
tenant Tho. Staunton (died at Fatehgarh 1805) of the 5ind N. 1.
Lieutenant Staunton sent Fenner off to the spot with an escort of sepoys
to bring back the carts by force. Fenner was set on by a large crowd of
the inhabitants of Serauli, and had to open fire, killing one and wounding
two others of them. On the 26th Deceml^er 1793 Staunton and Fenner
were court niartialled for disobedience of orders and extortion of bhusa,
Fenner also being charged with unnecessarily firing on the villagers.
They were acquitted, but the Commander-in-Chief ordered reconsideration
of this verdict. The Court again assembled and adhered to its former
opinion. The Commander-in-Chief was still dissatisfied, and Staunton
remained under suspension, the papers of his case being sent to the
Directors of the Company in England. Meanwhile an incident arising
out of the case, made some stir at Headquarters in Calcutta. An anony-
mous correspondent signing himself “ A Lost Mutton ” wrote an offensive
letter to the World newspaper commenting on the injustice of the pro-
ceedings. The (Command er-in-Chief was much incensed, and fruitless
effoiis were made to discover the author.

Rakha comes into notice on the occasion of the great famine of
1837-38, which was so severe as to necessitate special arrangements by
Government. It has been said that this was the first occasion on which
the modern system of relief operations was undertaken. I.ord Auck-

222

land came to visit the famine area in January 1838 ; and Miss Eden
in her “ Up Country ” letters, as well as Mrs. Fanny Parks, describe the
scenes of misery through which they passed. Castaway infants and
chihlren were found in such numbers as to move the compassion of one of
the officers of the 34th N. L, then quartered at Fatehgarh. Captain
Wheeler voluntarily set about collecting them ; and thus was forme<l the
nucleus of the Fatehgarh Orphanage, Captain Wheeler, being trans-
ferred, hande<l over his charges to the Rev. H. Wilson, an American
missionary, who came on the scene in 1838 with 48 orphans from
Fatehpore, where an orphanage had been broken up Me receiveii 45
from Captain Wheeler ; and it was decided that a self-supporting insti-
tution should l>c set up at Fatehgarh.

Rakha holds a preeminent place in the history of the missions in
North India. Unfortunately the story of its foundation has not been
told in detail, and it is difficult to disentangle its organisation from that
of the other settlement at Barhpur. An account is to Imj found in a book
called “The History of the American Presbyterian Missions in India”,
published in 1888, which is so condensed as to make it impossible to
follow the development of the two mission stations at Fatehgarh step by
step. It apjxjars that the first missionaries to reach Fatehgarh were
Messrs Newton and Wilson at the end of October 1835, when on
their way to Liulhiana. They visited the City, and were much pleased
with their reception there. It was realised that Fatehgarh would he
a goo<l centre for missionary work. In 1837 Mr. H. R. Wilson was
ap\>ointed to go from Allahabad, and commence work at Fnrrukha-
l>ad. Actually he arrived at Rakha in November of the next year with
the Fatehpur orphans, and in August 1839 Mr. J. L. Scott joined him
The orphans then numbered 109, and an instructor being imported from
Mirzapore District, carpet-weaving was started as an industry for
them. The Barhpur Mission on the Lai Gate Road must have come into
existence this year ; for although the history of the Mission in India,
quoted above, is not clear on the point, the local district records
mention the Mission High School at Barhpur as being actively at work
In 1839.

228

‘ The Rakha Mission took a step forward in 1840, when it became
independent of Allahabail. Tw^o mission houses and the orphanage
building were erected during the next year, and there wei*e further a<lditions
to the staff. Messrs. Rankin and McAuley and Miss Vanderveer amved,
though there is nothing to show whether they worked at Rnkha, or at
Barh})ur. The iiiii>ortaiice of the local mission stations was recognised
abroad. The General Assembly of the United States constituted tlie
Farrukhabad Pi*esbytery along with those of Ludhiana and Allahabad,
the three being ordered to meet together as the Synod of North India.
This new" constitution w"as promulgated in May 1841 ; and the first Synod
ever held in India met at Rakha in the small cha|)el at the Mission four
years after. Barhpur at this time was insignificant in com|)arison, but
it probably ha<l a larger staff of missionaries, who were then engaged
in expanding the High School and numerous primary schools in the
vicinity of the City. In 1845 Government gave up its High School
in Farrukhabad, the furnituixj and building being transferred to the
Mission.

The Rakha settlement was most thriving in 1845. Soon after their
arrival Mr. Wilson and Mr. Scott applied to Government for a lease of
the old Cavalry Lines and part of the parade ground to the west of the
race course, which was then lying waste. Negotiations were completed
in 1840. The Mission aetjuired 1J^4 aci’es on a yearly rental of Rs. (>0.
Two bungalows, a school, an orphanage building, an industrial building,
a small village, and a chajxjl were set up. The industrial establishment
made great strides. The manufacture of car|xjts had been begun by the
orphans with great skill, and soon after 1889 it was reported that their
industry could not co[)e with the demand. To carpet- weaving was added
the business of tent-making in 1844 “ chiefly to secui'c employment and
business for the rising colony of married orphans.” From 1844 to 1846
tents to the value of Rs. 60,672 had been made by the Orphan Asylum
and sold to the public. The subsequent history of the tent factory
indicates the great repute, whi<*.h it had acquired. Before 1857 the
Mission supplied the management, but after the Mutiny the converts
formed themselves into a limited company and became independent. By

224

1875 the company was paying 24 per cent dividends, and had added ail
indigo factory to its concern.

Mr. J. J. Walsh took in hand the project of building a church, and
in 1856 the present structure was <*onipleted. Maharaja Dhuleep Singh
suliscribed Rs. 500 towards the building, and it is noteworthy that the
various primary schools at and around the City were carried on by the
Mission largely by tlic help of his donations. Just before the Mutiny the
Rakha Mission was able to point with pride to the accomplishment of a
well planned mission station, carrying on work of the highest value
through its civilising agency. Some notable personalities of the American
Presbyterian Mission had worked there, including Gopinath Nande, the
first Indian to lx: ordained for woi*k in the Mission. The Christian
village, founded on the parade ground behind the Mission, was one of the
first of its kind. The cemetery to the west of the Mission, which can be
seen behind high walls by the side of the main road, is pre-Mutiny. The
first missionary buried there was Mrs. Seeley in J85f3 Mr. Walsh on
his departure to America in 1856 was able to leave tlie Rakha Mission in
a most flourishing condition, and largely as the result of his own labours.
Within a year of his leaving the place was in ruins. The mutineers in
J857 made havoc of the Mission. The bungalows, factory, and the village
were laid in ruins. Only the walls and spire of the Church were left
standing. Messrs. J. E. Freeman and R. McMullin, who were the
missionaries then in charge, perished with their families at Cawnpore
after escaping from Fatehgarh in the boats. The Mission premises were
restored by Mr. Fullerton, who was sent by the Mission from Agra for
the purpose.

There is nothing further of note along this road. On the site of the
Central Jail was the bungalow of a Sergeant Superintendent of the road,
probably a [Xirson on the Invalid Establishment. The road was from the
earliest times important ; for it was the high road to Mainpuri, and pro-
vided with sbvging bungalows at Sakwai, Madanpur and other places. In
1794, Twining found it extremely bad and covered with deep sand. It
was metalled in the forties. There was a bridge of boats over the Kali
Nadi at Madanpur from 1854.

225

APPENDIX I.

Rkgiments Stationed at Fatehgarh.

1776-77. —1st Regt. Cavalry, (Capt. Wray.) 2n(l do., (Capt. Webber).
6rd do., (Capt. Fairfax).

6th Coy, Artillery, (Capt.-Lieut. Hill). 7th do., (Capt. -Lieut.
. Sampson). 8th do., (Capt.-Lieut. Harris). 22nd Bn. Sepoys,
(Capt. Erskinej. 28rd do., (Capt. Hoggan). 24th do., (Capt.
Ware). 25th do., (Capt. Stewart). 26th do., (Capt. Penning).
27th do., (Capt. Baillie). 28th do., (Capt. Rawstorne). 29th do.,
(Capt. Landeg). 30th do., (Capt. Naylor), which up to 1931
was the 4' 1st Punjab Regt.

Lt.-Col. T. Goddard, coindg. up to Oct. 1777. Col. M. Leslie,
comdg. up to April, 1778. Then Lt.*('ol. G. Muir.

1779. — Lt.-Col. B. Wilding, comdg.

1781-83. — 2nd Regt. Cav., (Capt. Law). 8th Bn. Sepoys, (Major
Maepherson). 11th do., (Major Wray). 21st do., (Major
Rawstorne). 22nd do., (Major Landeg). 23rd do., (Major
Naylor). 1st Coy. 1st Bn. Artillery.

Col. Sir John Cuming, comdg.

1785- 86. — 1st Brigade of Sepoys, Col. H. Briscoe, comdg. 2nd Regt.

(\avalry, (Capt. Frith). C’apt. Woodburnc’s Coy. 2nd Bn.
Artillery. 3rd Bn. N. I., (Capt. Sir P. Balfour). 7th do.,
(Capt. Rattray). 13th do., (Capt. McLeod). 23rd do., (Capt.
Farmer) 24th do., (Capt. Vibart). 27th do., (Major Harding).

1786- 87. — 4th Brigade of Sepoys, Col. H. Briscoe, comdg. 2nd Regt.

Cavalry, (Capt. Fx’ith). 1st Bn. N. 1. 8th do., 20th do. 22nd do.
30th do. 32nd do. 4th European Bn. 1st Coy. 1st Bn. Artillery.
1788. — 2nd Brigade N. L, Lt.-Col. J. Nicol. comdg. Col. H. Briscoe,
comdg. Fatehgarh. 2nd Regt. Cavalry, (Capt. Frith). 2nd
Coy. 1st Bn. Artillery, (Capt. Montagu). 9th Bn. N. L, (Capt.
Limond). 14th do., (Major Smith). 26th do., (Capt. Scott).
28th do., (Capt. Scrymgeou). 33rd do., (C!apt. Witherston).

220

J 790-92. — Col. J. White, conidg.

1793. — 2nd European Bn. 1st Bn. N. 1. 21st do.

1794. — Col. C. Morgan, comdg. Ist Regt. Cavalry, (Capt. Ramsay).

Capt. Havdwicke’s Coy. 3rd Bn. Artillery. 10th Bn. N. I. 12th
do. 14th do. Resident’s Bodyguard at Farrukhabad. The
Fatehgarh Brigade took part in the battle of Bitaurah on the
26th October, 1794. Lieut. E. Wells, 14th N. I., Major T.
Bolton, comdg. 18th N. 1. and Lieut. A. Cummings, 18th N. 1.
were killed.

1795. — Col. Wm. Popham, comdg. 1st Regt. Cavalry. 2 Coys. 3rd Bii.

Artillery. 6th Bn. N. 1. 12th do. 14th do. 17th do. iHth
do. 21st do.

— Col. Wm. .Jones, comdg. up to March.

1797. — Major-Gen. E. Rawstorne, comdg. Major-Gen. R. Stuart came
at end of 1797» and commanded up to 1802.

1797-98. — 1st Regt. Cavalry. 2 coys 3rd Bn. Artillery. 1/lst Bn. N. 1.

2/l8t do. l/6th do. 2/6th do. 2/5th do. (in October 1798).
1800-01. — 2nd Regt. Cavalry. Two coys. 2nd Bn. Artillery. l/2nd N. 1.
2/2nd do. l/7th do, 2/7th do. Escort of Scindia’s troops,
(apparently Resident’s Bodyguard).

— Olid Regt. Cavalry. Two coys. Artillery. 2/13th N.I. 2/14th do.

1803. — Major-Gen. C. Ware, conidg. 4th Regt, N. Cavalry, (Major

Frith). Two coys. Artillery. l/22nd N. 1. 2/22nd do,

Sebundy Corps.

1804. — 27th Light Dragoons. 4th N. Cavalry. 2nd N. 1. 8th do.

10th do. l/25th do. 2/25th do. l/27th do. 2/27th do.

1805. — Col. R. Macau, comdg. 2/l2th (1st) N. I. Fatehgarh ceased

to be headquartei's of a brigade. Farrukhabad Provl. Bn,

1806. — Major-Gen W. Dowdeswell (H. M. S.), comdg. Cawnpore and

Fatehgarh. 2/2nd N. I. Farrukhabad Provl. Bn., (disbamled).
27th N. 1. 4th Coy. 2nd Bn. Artillery.

1807. — 2nd Coy, 1st Bn. Artillery. 18th N. 1. Lt.-Col. J. Lawtie,

comdg.

1808-09. — 2/llth (17th) N. L Lt.-Col. S. Palmer, comdg.

227

1810-11.— 3rd Coy. 1st Bn. Artillery. l/18th (36th) N. I. Lt.-Col. J.
Vanrenan, comdg.

1812. — l/3rd N. I. Lt.-Col. F. Rutledge, comdg.

1813, — l/4th (7th) N. I. Lt.-Col. C. Crawford, comdg.

1814- 15.— 1 /4th (7th) N. I. I.t.-Col. W. Bedell, comdg. Farnikhabad

Provl. Bn. i*evived in 1815, Lt.-Col. W. Cuppage, comdg.

1815- 16.--2/10ti (16th) N. 1. Farrukhahad Provl. Bn. Lt.-Col. W.
, Cuppage, comdg.

1817- 18, — 2/lst (4th) N. I. Dromedary Corps. Lt.-Col. W. H. Cooper,

comdg. Both units absent on service during Pindari War,
Fatehgarh Levy, (Major T. P. Smith, comdg). Farrukhahad
Provl. Bn. (Lt.-Col. W. Cuppage, comdg.)

1818- 19. — F atehgarh Levy. Farrukabad Provl. Bn. Lt.-Col. W. Cuppage,

comdg.

1820. — 2/ 11th N. I. Fatehgarh Levy. Farrukhahad Provl. Bn. Lt.-Col.

D. V. Kerin, comdg.

1821. — 2/5th N. 1. Fatehgarh Levy. Farrukhahad Provl. Bn.

1822. — l/6th N. I. Fatehgarh Levy. Farrukhahad Provl. Bn.

1823. — l/6th N. I., (right wing). 2/4th do. Fatehgarh Levy, (now

brought into the line as the l/32nd N. L). 9th Farrukhahad
Provl. Bn., (Lt.-Col, C. H. Baines).

1824. — 9th FaiTukhabad Provl. Bn.

1825. — 1st Extra Regt. 9th Farrukhahad Provl. Bn., (Lt. Col. G.

Hickman).

1826. — 29th N. I., ^left wing). 9th Farrukhahad Provl, Bn.

1827. — 3rd Local Horse. 2nd Extra Regt. (now 5/7th Rajput Regt.)

9th Farrukhahad Provl. Bn.

1828. — 2nd Local (Gardner’s) Horse. 2nd Extra Regt. 9th Farrukhahad

Provl. Bn.

1829-30. — 70th N. I. (late 2nd Extra Regt.) Lt.-Col. J. Simpson,
comdg. 9th Farrukhahad Provl. Bn., (Lt.-Col. C. Poole).
1831-32. — 17th N. I. Major F. Hawthorne, comdg. 9th Farrukhahad
Provl. Bn. disbanded in 1831.

1833-34.— 1st N. I.

228

1835.— 60th N. I.

1836-38.— 34th N. I.

1839-40. — 14th N. I. 2nd Recruit Depot. Bn. (Major J. L. Earle).

1841. — 63rd N. I.

1842. — 63rd N. I. (right wing). 1st Infantry Levy. 8th Irreg. Cavalry.

1843. — 43rd N. I. 1st Infantry Levy.

1844. — 43rd N. L 2nd Oiidh Local Infantry, (right wing).

1845. — 43rd N. I.

1846-47. -”22n;l N. 1. In 1846 also a dett. 10th N. 1.

1 848-53. — Kelat-i-Ghilzai Hegt.

1853-54.— 2nd N. 1.

1855. — Two coys. 8th N. 1.

1856-57. — 10th N. 1. Mutinied. Lt.-Col. G. A. Smith, comdg.

Note : —

A detail of Native Foot Artillery (2 guns) was permanently
stationed at Fatehgarh, probably for duty at the Gun Cnrriage
Factory.

220

APPENDIX II.

Regiments raised at Fatehgarh.

July 1803. — l/21st N. I., (Doobye ki pnltan). Raised by Lieut. J.

Vaughan. Called after Lt.-Col, Dubois, who was one of its first
officers. Afterwards 41st N. 1. In 1857 mutinied at Sitapur.
(See “ Fatehgarh and the Mutiny for account of this regiment
at Fatehgarh in 1857).

Nov. 1803.— 1 /22nd (43rd) N. I. Raised by Capt. J. Malcolm. Now the
1st Royal Bn. 9th Jat Regt.

Nov. 1803. --2/22nd (44th) N. I. Raised by Lieut. VV. Ball. Mutinied
at Agra in 1857. The 22nd N. I. was called Kyne ki paltan
after Lt.-Col. F. Kyan, who commanded both battalions.

Oct. 1804.— l/25th (49th) N. I. Raised by Capt. W. Royle. (’ailed
Rayle ki Paltan. Disbanded at Lahore in 1857.

Oct. 1804. — 2/25th (50th) N. I. Raised by Capt. C. Christie. Called
Oisteen ki paltan. M\itinied at Nagode in 1857.

Oct. 1804. — l/27th (53rd) N. 1. Called Castor ki paltan after its first
commander, Lt.-CJ'ol. dc (’.astro. Mutinied at Cawnporc in 1857.

Oct. 1804. — 2/27th (54th) N. I. Called Mapert ki paltan after Lt.-(’oI.
R. Mabert. Mutinied at Delhi in 1857.

1809. — Lt.-Col. Gardner’s Corps of Irregular Horse, (now 2nd Lancers,
Gardner’s Horse). Partly raised at Farrukhabad by Lt.-Col.
W. L. Gardner.

Jan. 1815.— 1 /29th (57th) N. 1. Raised by Capt. (’. S. Fagan. Called
Moira ki paltan after Lord Moira, Marcpiis of Hastings. Mutinied
at Ferozepore in 1857.

Mar. 1818. — l/.32nd (03rd) N. 1. Raised as the Fatehgarh Levy by
Major T. P. Smith. Now 9th Gurkha Riffes. (’apt. C. S. Fagan
also named as having raised it.

May 1825. — 1st Extra Regt. Raised by Lt.-Col. (’. S. Fagan. Later
became 69th N. 1. Mutinied at Multan in 1857.

1842. — 8th In-eg. Cavalry, (now 18th King Edward’s Own (’av.alry).

18.58. — Fatehgarh I>evy, (.34th N. L) Disbanded in 1881,

280

APPENDIX III.

Residents.

17H0. — Mr. Shea.

17H1-4. No Resident.

1784- 5.— Mr. Willes.

1785- 1801. The Resident at Lucknow.

AciRNTS TO THE GovRKNOr GeNKRAL.

June 1805i. — Graniie Mercer. A surgeon. Retired 1814. Died in Mid-
lothian, 1841.

180J2. — Claud Russell. Died at Benares 1817 aged .%*. Judge of Court
of appeal.

1808. —M. Leslie.

1804. — E. A. Cuthhert.

1805. -(’. Lloyd.

JlUajRS AND AoRNTS to THK GoVRKNOK-GKNRUAr..

180^2.-— .1. T. Grant. Died, at Eatehgarh, 1804.

]804. — R. Ahmuty, W. P. Potts. Died at Fatehgarh, 180(),

1805. R. Ahmuty.

1807. — R. Graham.

1808. — R. K. Dick.

1800. — ^.J. Millard,

1811. — C. Elliott.

1815. — H. Wilkinson.

1810. — W. Wright. Register or Judge’s Assistant from 1810.

18JiJ(), — T. J. Turner. India 1817-50. Mcml)er, Board of Revenue.
Died 186*().

18i2(>.— C. J. Middleton. India 1810-3(). Died 1884.

18520. — T. Taylor. India 1824-52. Commissioner of Murshidahad. Died
1882.

231

1831. — Hon. F. J. Shore. 1st District and Sessions Judge (1833).

India 1818-37. Died at Calcutta 1837.

1835. — G. Lindsay. India 1819-46.

1835. — H. Sweteiiham. India 1810-52. Commissioner, Farrukhabad.

1832-34. Judge of Dacca. Died 1860.

1841. — C. H. Cartwright. India 1819-51. Judge of the High Court,
Agra.

1845,— W. H. Tyler. Last Agent to the Governor-Genei'al. India 1824-
54. Commissioner of Agra. Died 1891.

1847. A. P. Currie. India 1824-47. Died as Judge of Mirzapui,
1847.

1847. H. Morland. India 1829-59. Judge of Agra. Died 189iii.
1849. C. Allen. India 1827-57. Member of the Legislative Council,
1855. Died 1884.

1851. G. D. Raikes. India 1836-57. Killed in the Mutiny, 1857,
when Judge of Bareilly.

1852. F. P. Buller. Retired 1858.

1857. R. H. Thornhill. Killed at Caw'iipore, 1857, after escaping in
the boats from Fateh garh.

1858. A. Ross. India 1837-71. Judge of the High (.'ourt.

1859. E. C. Hayley. India 1841-77. Sir Edward Clive Bayley,

K.C.S.L, C.I.E. Member of the Council, 1874. Died 1884.

1862. H. P. Fane. India 1842*68. Judge Mirzapur.

1863. F. M. Lind. India 1841-77. Died 1879.

1865. M. B. Thornhill. India 1842-72. Judge, Saharanpur. Wrote
Haunts and Hobbies of an Indian Official ” at Fatehgarh.

1865. B Sapte, C. B. India 1843-71. Died 1891.

1867. M. B. Thoi-nhill.

1868. S. N. Martin. India 1848-73. Judge, Aligarh.

1869. J. H. Prinsep. India 1847-82, Judge, Cawnpore,

1871. W. S. Paterson. India 1840-7^. Judges Agra. Died 1892.

1872. F. Thompson. India 1846-74. Died 1892.

1874. G. R. Pasley. India 1851-77. Judge, Gorakhpur.

1877. R. F. Saunders. Arrived in India 1851. Judge, Gorakhpur.

232

IHHO. H. A. Harmon. Imlia 1855-87. Also Collector 1873-77.

1884. C. J. Daiiiell. Retired 1886.

1886. W. H. Hudson. India 1861-90.

1890. R. S. Aikman, LL.I). India 1867-1909. Puisne Judge, High
Court, Allahabad. Died 1917.

1892. G. J. Nicholls. India 1864-94. Up to 1883 in Central

Provinces. Died 1920.

1894. C. Rustomjee. India 1876-1911.

1894. H. F. D. Pennington, India 1875-1901. Dead.

1896. G. A. Tweedy. India 1879-1914. Member, Board of Revenue.

1897. J. W. Muir. India 1871-98. Died 1910.

1898. L. M. Thornton. India 1881-1906.

1899. Pundit Sri Lai. Statutory (civilian 1889. Died 1913.

1901. li. Stuart. Sir Louis Stuart, Kt., C.I.E. India 1891-1930

(Jiief Judge, Oudh ('hief Court.

1903. H. W. Lyle. India 1887-1914. Died 1926.

1906. Mohained Ishaq Khan. 1884-1913. Dead.

1911. H. E. Dupernex. India 1889-1913.

1912. J. L. Johnston. India 1897-1916.

1915. A. Sabonadiere. India 1888 1917.

1918. E. Rennet, I.L.D. Puisne Judge, High (Jourt, Allahabad.

1921. B. (’. Foi’Ikjs. India 1903 24. Died 1927.

1923. H. J. (’ollisler.

1926. H. G. Smith. Judge, Oudh Chief Court.

1927, G. Badhwar.

1929. L B. Mundle.

1930. B. Tirloki Nath. Retired.

1931. S. Iftikhar Husain.

1932-34. B. Gauri Prasad.

Notk. — ^Officers who ofHciated for a few months have l)een excluded.
In 1867, for example, there were four and in 1871 no less than three
such Judges.

288

APPENDIX IV.

COIJ.ECTORS.

1806» — A. Cockburn. 1st Mint Master.

1807. — R. Graham.

1808. — J. Donnithorne.

l8.^0-.^4. — H. Swetenham. ('omniissionor J8.‘Jf2-.‘51. Judge 1805-11.

Died 1860.

1824, — H. Newnhain. L.ast Mint M.astcr. 1st (Commissioner 1820-00.
1827.— M. Moore.

1829. — K. P. Nishet. India 1809-04. .Indgt^^ Meerut. Died 1882.

Ma<;istiiatf.s and ( V)i,i.KeTOKS.

1802.— H. Pideock. 1st District Magistr.ite (1800).

1804. — J. C, Grant.

1805. — F, H. Robinson. India 1824-52. .Mem])er of the Hoard of

^ Revenue. Died 185().

18.07. — R. H. S. (.’amplKdl. India 1800-57. Died 1864.

1840.— P. (’. Trench. India 1828-58. Died 1888.

1844. — M. K. Gnl)})ins. India 1800-60. Financial (‘ommissioner,

Ondh. Wrote an neconnt of tlu‘ .Mutiny
in Oudli.

1845. — 11. (i. Astell. India 1804-62. Judgx*, .lannpnr.

1847. — W. R. Timins. Indi.i 1827-50

1849. — W. (’. S. (’unninglmnie. India 1805-57. Judge, Azamgaili.
1856. — H Van.sittari. Imlia 1807-72. OtTg. (ommissioner of

Gnstoms. .lodge. Hareilly.

1856. — W. G. Prolyvn. India 1847-77. One of the survivors of the

.Mutiny at Fatehgarh. Judge, Saliaranpiir.
Died 1911.

1858. — (c. R. Lindsay. India 1844-80. Judge of the COiief (’onrt

of Punjab.

1862. — ^G. R. Pa.sley. India 1851-77. Judge, Gorakhpur.

]860. — R. C. Oldfield. India 1848-87. Sir Richard Charles Oldfield.

Judge *of the High Court, Allahabad,

234

1873-87. In 1857 was Assistant Secretary
to Goveriniient at Agra. Joined the
Volunteer Cavalry, and was severely
wounded in the action at Sluihganj. Died
1918, aged 90.

— VV. Kaye. India 18.58-93. Cominissioner of Kohilkhand.
1867.— U. C. Oldfield.

1H69. — C. P. Elliott. India 1854-70. Dy. Connnissioner, Apybala.
1871. — A. Bouldersoii. India 1855-77. Collector, Bijnor.

1873. — H. A. Harrison. India 1855-87. Also Judge 1880-84.
1877.— C. W. Watts. Died 1887.

1880.— A. Sells. Retired 1890.

188Ji. — W. W. G. Cornwall. Retired 1886.

1887. — E. S. Growse, C. I. E. Retired 1891.

1891. — E. Rose. Commissioner, Meerut. Retired 1901.

1893. — J. S. Mackintosh. Commissioner, Lucknow. Retired 1896.

1894. — E. Galbraith. Died 1899.

1898. — R. P. Dewhurst. Retired 1919.

1899— H. G. Warburton. Retired 1916.

1905. — D. Calnan, C, B. E. Retired 1921.

1908. — A. W. McNair, C. S. I., O. B. E. Member, Board of Revenue.

Retired 1928.

1912. — Kunwar Jagdish Prasad, C. S. I., C. I. E., 0. B. E. Home

Member, Executive Council, U. P. Retired
1933.

1913. — H. K. Gracey, C. B. E. Retired 1924.

1916. — C. L. Alexander. Retired 1926.

1918. — H. Bomford, C, 1. E.

1918. — E. E. Oppenheim, C. I. E. Menil)er, Board of Revenue.

1920. — C. L. Wallace, M. C.

1921. — E. E. Oppenheim, C. I. E,

1923. — A. P. Collett. Commissioner, Income Tax, U. P. Retired

1932,

19»6.— J. F. Sale.

285

1929.— H. Minson, M. B. E.

1930-54.— C. L. Wallace, M. C.

Note. — Officers who officiated for a short period, have been excluded.
In 1867, for example, eight officers acted as Collector, and in 1871 there
were five. Similarly, for the pre-Mutiny period numbers of Joint
Magistrates officiated as Collector for three or four months. Mr.
Lushington (officiating Collector 1852) remarked that in twenty years he
had held twenty-one appointments, and nine months was his average stay
in any one place.

"'^Mr. F. H. Robinson (Collector 1835) was the great-uncle of Mrs. Alice
Perrin, the well-known novelist, who died February 13th, 1934.

280

APPENDIX V.

List of Kooks coNSUi/rKD.

1. Lauh'i-Tarikli, by Mir Bahadur Ali, 1889.

2. Fatehgarhnama, by Babu Kale Hai, 1846.

The Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad, by C. VV. Irvine, L C. S., in
the ^Journal of' (he Bcnffcil Asiatic Societyy 1878-79.

4. The MS. diary of Nawab Doolah of Shainsabad, 1865-55.

5. Fatehgarh ainl the Mutiny, by Lt.-( ol. F. B. C’osciis and C. L.

Wallace, I. C. S., 1966.

6. A Memorial of Fatehgarh, by Kevd J. J. Walsh.

7. History of the Presbyterian Missions in India, 1886.

8. Farrukhabad District Ciazetleer. 1886.

!). l’re> Mutiny Records in Commissioner of Allahabad’s Office.

10. naU(U>ook to Knglish Pre-Mutiny Records in the U. P., by 1).

l)e^v^^r, I. (’. S.

11. diristian Tombs and Monuments in the H. P, by F. .V. II. Blunt,

I. C. 8., 191 1.

12. Bengal Military Consultations. India Office.

16. Bengal Ecclesiastical Consultations. India Office.

14. Registers of St. John’s C Juirch. (’akutta.

15. Registers in the Diocesan Registrar’s Office.

16. List of Officers of the Bengal Army, by Major V. llodson.

17. History of the I. M. S. by (’ol. 1). (i. (’rawford.

18. East India Registers.

19. Asiatic Annual Register, 1799.

20. Bengal, Past and Present. Vols. 28 and 6.5.

21. Memoirs of Old Haileyburv, by Monier Williams etc.

22. VV'anderings of a Pilgrim, by Mrs. Fanny Parks. 1850.

26. Memoir of the War in India, by Major W. Thorn, 1818

24. Notes on Indian Affairs, by F. J. Shore, 1867.

25. Private Journal of the Mart|uis of Hastings.

26. Travels in India 100 Years Ago, by T. Twining.

27. Tours in Up|X)r India, by Major Pk C. Archer, 1866.

2ar

J^8. A Tour through the Upper Provinces, by A. 1).

29. Whinyates Family Records.

80. War and Sport in India, by Lieut. J. Pester.

81. Sketch of the services of the Bengal Native Army, by Lieut. \\ G.

Cardew, 1908.

82. Travels in India, by W. Hodges, 1798.

88. Voyages and Travels, by Viscount Valentia, 1800.

84. Pen and Pencil Sketches, by Capt. K. Mundy, 1882.

85. Up the Country, by Hon. E. Eden, 18()6.

80. East India Military Calendar. 1 828-20.

87. Private Record of an Indian Ciovernor-Iieneralship, by H. Furber, 1 988.

88. Selections from the Calcutta Gazettes, by Seton-Kcrr.

Many communications, the results of much research, which are
gratefully acknowledged, from the following : —

Mrs. Beryl Jameson; Doctor Bethel G. Harris of Fatehgarh
Memorial Hospital (photograph of the ])icture of Lord Lake
entering Fatehgarh, information about the Mint, and extracts
from old Gazettes); W. T. Ottewill, Estp, Kee[)er of Records,
India Office ; Sir Evan (’otton (extracts from William Danieirs
diary, articles in Bengal, Past and Present, and information
about the IHtli century); Major V. Hudson (services of officers,
and information on every military to[)ic connected with Fateh-
garh) ; (’aptain H. Bullock (discovery or J. B. N. Hennessy,
Army troidjles of 1796’, and details about old reshlenis) ; Right
Revd. C. J. G. Saunders, Bishop of Lucknow (consecration of
the old Church); Mr. Justice E. Bennet, I. (.'. S., Allahabad High
Court (services of Judges); Lt.-Col. F. R. Coseiis, commanding
10/7th Rajput Regiment (details of old Army organization) ;
Captain V. C. A. Monckton, l/7th Rajput Regiment (preparation
of the two maps of Fatehgarh in 1885) ; R. Westmacott, Es(|.,
Diocesan Registrar (research in pre- Mutiny registers); Secretary,
U. S. Institution (Clothing Factory) ; M. Safdar Husain Qizilbash,
Stenographer, Fatehgarh Collectorate (research in Registrar’s
Office and pre-Mutiny Vernacular records) .

288

Mav Rei-’erknccs : Fatehcakh Cantonment, 1835.

1 to 20. Cantonment bungalows, as numbered today.

21. Shahzada’s sons.

22. The Shahzada.

23. Iqbalmand Khan (owner) .

24. Kotmaster’s Hou.sc

25. Mr. Kemball, [Xiiisioncr.

2(j. Mr. Mercer, registrar.

27. ‘‘ Martin’s House ”.

28. Hospihil.

21). Treasurer’s Garden.

30. Shahzada’s Garden.

31. Alxlul Rahman, l)y. (’ollcctor.

32. Hibi Colonel Healy.

33. Mr. Paul.

34. ( ompany School,

35. Kanhaya Lnl (owner) .

3(). Nawab of Farrukhabad.

37. Amina Khan inn (owner)

38. Mrs. Collins (owner) ,

39. Mr. Potter (owner) .

40. Mr. Sutherland.

41. Mrs. Clark.

42. Mrs. Palmer.

43. Mr. Jay.

44. Mr. Anthony.

45. Mr. Meikle.

46. Nau Ratal! .

47. Mr. Storr.

48. Mr. Madden.

49. Mr. Martin.

50. Mr. Coles.

51. Dr. T-m-1.

AlrtoHino Houses
Ccistoi«s Hooso*

4M[r*s. 01a.rlc (owiiei*) -
XIx-. XIox'oox* (owixor) .

Oustoms Gfito
Sn. 1 1 pc?lx*e n cl^ox* y .

238

Mai* References : Fatehgarh Cantonment, 1835.

1 to 20. Cantomiient bungalows, as numbered today.

21. Shahzada’s sons.

22. The Shahzada.

23. Iqbalmand Khan (owner) .

24. Kotmaster’s Hou.se

25. Mr. Keuiball, |)ensioner.

20 . Mr. Mercer, registrar.

27. ‘‘ Martin’s House ”.

2S. Hospitid.

21). Treasurer’s Garden.

30. Shahzada’s Garden.

31. Alxlul Rahman, l)y. (’oUcctor.

32. Hibi Colonel Hcaly.

33. Mr. Paul.

34. Company School,

35. Kanhaya Lai (owner) .

30. Nawab of Farr ukhabad.

37. Amina Khanum (owner)

38. Mrs. Collins (owner) .

39. Mr. Potter (owner) .

40. Mr. Sutherland.

41. Mrs. Clark.

42. Mrs. Palmer.

43. Mr. Jay.

44. Mr. Anthony.

45. Mr, Meikle.

40. Nau Ratal!.

47. Mr. StoiT.

48. Mr. Madden.

49. Mr. Martin.

50. Mr. Coles.

51. Dr. T-m-l.

241

Map Ri<:fi£kknces : Civii. Links and Rakiia^ 1835

1. Hospital.

2. Brown's compound.

3. Church.

4. Theatre.

IK, Ractpiet C'ourt.
a. ’'Mr. Brierly.

7. Mr. Pyle.

8. Mr. Clark,
y. Mr. Hine.

10. Mr. Jennings.

11. Mr. Morgan.

12. Mr. Ives.

13. Col. Brown.

14. Bungalows occu[)ie(l by Cavalry OHicers up to 1805

15. Mr. IMoir.

1(>. The Raja of Tirwa.

17. Mr. Bush.

18. Officer Commanding Fatoh^arh.

19. The Judge.

20. Couirnissioner’s Office.

21. Judge's Court.

22. Lock-up.

23. Mounted Orderlies Lines.

24. Hamilton's Tomb.

25. Mr. DeGruyther.

26. Mr. Jacob.

27. Heysham’s Serai.

28. Mrs. Jennings.

29. Mrs. Collins.

30. Clothing Factory.

31 . Clothing Factory Agent.

32. Mr. Bathurst.

Mir. Snnii^H.

154, IVlr. Oyce.

35. ^liss Ff ioiciiin,!].

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